31.12.07

Twins reunited, after 35 years apart

To meet them today you would imagine that they had known each other all their lives.

Paula and Elyse; (Picture: Elena Seibert, 2007)
Twins, Elyse and Paula met as strangers (Picture: Random House)
They share an easy intimacy that belies the fact that identical twins Elyse Schein and Paula Bernstein spent their first 35 years in total ignorance of the other's existence.

They were given up for adoption to separate families as part of an experiment in the US to discover how identical twins would react to being raised in different family backgrounds.

Neither set of adoptive parents knew the babies were part of a study or that they had been born twins.

The research project took place under the guidance of a leading US child psychologist with the co-operation of prestigious New York adoption agency Louise Wise Services.

It wasn't until Elyse Schein contacted the agency in 2003 to find out more details about her birth that the truth began to emerge.

We had the same favourite book and the same favourite film
Elyse Schein
"I received a letter that said: 'You were born on 9th October 1968 at 12.51 pm, the younger of twin girls.' It was unbelievable. Suddenly another element of my identity was revealed to me. Suddenly I was a twin."

When the agency contacted Elyse's newly discovered older sister Paula, the two women were quite quickly in touch and arranged to meet in a cafe in New York.

First meeting

"Walking every step to that cafe felt momentous," says Paula. "I felt like this is it. From now on my life will forever be different."

When Paula saw Elyse for the first time, she was pleased to see that as similar as they looked, each was unique.

Elyse had just returned from working in Paris. "She looked very European," says Paula. "She had dark glasses on and was smoking a cigarette. She looked ultra cool. She was an alternative version of me.

"It was a relief I think for both of us that we were not carbon copies. As similar as we looked when we compared pictures of ourselves as kids, as adults we have our own distinct style."

Elyse and Paula as children
Elyse and Paula have only photos to share of their separated childhoods
"We both felt like asking: 'So what have you done with this body, with this DNA?'" says Elyse, "Or, 'So what have you been up to since we shared a womb?'"

"We had the same favourite book and the same favourite film, Wings of Desire," says Elyse. "It was amazing," says Paula. "We felt we were conducting our own informal study on nature versus nurture in a way".

Confrontation

Having lost 35 years of shared experiences, the twins wanted to confront Dr Peter Neubauer about what had happened to them - although they discovered they had been dropped quite early on from the twins study.

At first he refused to speak to them but eventually agreed to a meeting. "It was quite surreal," says Paula, who recalls her twin sister's feelings that "we were his kind of 'lab rats' coming back to see the great doctor".

"We had all these questions for him. But he was very quick to turn the tables and it was clear that he was seeing this as an opportunity to continue his study," she says. "He wanted to see how we turned out and question us about our development."

Neither Paula nor Elyse feel they have received answers to all the questions they have. And the records of the study are sealed until 2066.

Paula and Elyse (Picture: Elena Seibert, 2007))
From separate childhoods the twins have "adopted" each other (Picture: Random House)
"It was obviously about nature versus nurture," says Paula. "But there were other issues that we thought they might have been interested in, one of them being about the hereditariness of mental illness."

And from their researches, the twins have learnt that their birth mother did spend part of her life in psychiatric care.

Nor do the women feel that they got what they wanted from Dr Neubauer. "I really was hoping that he would take responsibility for what he had done so many years ago," says Elyse.

"He refuses to be open to the possibility that they were wrong," says Paula. "No matter what, we can't make up for the 35 years that we lost. We are different people because of being separated.

"We don't regret the lives we've led, but meeting each other and the difficulties that we faced in our relationship, the absurdity of having to get to know a twin who was essentially a stranger is very painful".

Finding each other has been challenging as well as joyful. "For my husband and my brother too," says Paula, "you know in some ways I think it was a threat to them.

"My brother and I were always on an equal footing. We were both adopted and didn't know any biological siblings. And now suddenly I'm a twin. And who could be closer to someone than a twin?"

"What's funny is we've kind of come full circle," says Elyse. "We were initially twins, which was a biological bond, and then now I say that we've adopted each other. Now we're family by choice."

Elyse and Paula speak to Fergal Keane in Radio 4's Taking a Stand on 1 January 2008 at 0900GMT or afterwards at Radio 4's Listen again page.

Most popular stories of 2007

Stories of the year

A year is a long time in news - with many thousands of stories written for our readers in the UK and around the world.

As our list of the most read stories of 2007 reveals, the articles you choose are not always the ones that lead on the front page. So take a look back at the year, from the serious to the quirky.

JANUARY

Stormy seas in Blackpool
A wet and windy winter in Blackpool
The new year blew in with storms and gales across the UK. Many were affected by the strong winds and heavy downpours which left behind a trail of destruction. Eleven people died in the storms. When a container ship ran aground off the coast of Devon, scavengers swarmed to a nearby beach to help themselves to the washed-up booty, which included gearboxes, nappies, foreign language bibles and BMW motorbikes.

Dark clouds looming over the economy have kept business in the headlines for much of this year, starting with a surprise bank rate rise to 5.25%.

A media storm erupted over racist comments made against the winner of Celebrity Big Brother. Shilpa Shetty proved that the Channel 4 reality show was still a ratings-winner.

But the discovery of a wild Cambodian jungle girl raised more questions than it answered.

FEBRUARY

After January's storms, came the February snows. Up to 10cm (4in) of snow fell in parts of the UK, enough to bring disruption to schools and travellers.

But the snow didn't last and was quickly knocked off the most-read spot by the death of US playmate Anna Nicole Smith. The flamboyant former model died at the age of 39, just a year after winning a share of her dead husband's billion-dollar Texan oil fortune.

Colossal squid
Biggest squid found so far
Did you see the one that didn't get away? New Zealand fishermen caught a colossal squid, measuring about 10m (33ft) long and weighing 450kg (990lb).

The month drew to a close with news that "contaminated fuel" had damaged thousands of cars. Tesco and Morrisons had to withdraw supplies after silicon was detected in unleaded petrol.

MARCH

The first total lunar eclipse in more than three years brought skywatchers across the UK out of their homes to watch as the Earth's shadow covered the moon, giving it a red appearance.

It was back to business with Gordon Brown's final budget as chancellor. The news of a surprise 2p cut in the basic rate of income tax provided some welcome cheer - although the cut won't take effect until April 2008.

Eurovision TV host Sir Terry Wogan provoked a brief storm of controversy when he announced the wrong winner of the contest for the UK song. In fact, it was Scooch - not Cyndi - who went on to represent the nation's (inevitably doomed) hopes.

HMS Cornwall crew members
The crew after two weeks in captivity
But perhaps the most dramatic headline of the month was the capture at gunpoint of 15 British Royal Navy personnel.

The HMS Cornwall crew members were on routine patrol in the Shatt al-Arab waterway when they were taken. Just under two weeks later they returned home, unharmed, but immediately walked into a row over selling their stories to the media.

APRIL

Tribute to Virginia Tech shooting victims
Worst shooting spree in US history
The deaths of 33 students, during a US university shooting - provoked feelings of grief and outrage and plunged the country into mourning.

As details emerged about how the Virginia Tech tragedy unfolded the nation questioned whether Cho Seung-hui, a 23-year-old South Korean, should have been identified as a danger.

Back in the UK, one of the longest and most expensive trials in British history finally came to an end with the jailing of five men linked to al-Qaeda, over a bomb plot that could have killed hundreds. The trial lasted 13 months and the jury was out for a record 27 days.

The discovery of kryptonite excited scientists and readers alike. The stuff of Superman legend turned out to be white, not green, and it didn't glow, but otherwise its chemical makeup - sodium, lithium, boron, silicate and hydroxide - matched the fictitious mineral.

MAY

McCann rag out
Four-year-old Madeleine McCann disappeared in early May.

Her distraught parents mounted a high-profile campaign to ensure she was rarely out of the news in the weeks and months that followed.

Tony Blair's final election day as prime minister brought defeat for Labour in the Scottish poll. SNP leader Alex Salmond declared a "wind of change" was blowing through the country. Just days later the PM announced he'd be standing down on 27 June - after 10 years at Number 10.

In Sudan, one of the site's most intriguing stories - the man who had been forced to marry a goat - concluded on a sad note when Rose the goat died.

JUNE

Glasgow airport
Police averted car bomb attacks in central London with a series of controlled explosions. Only a day later, there was a suspected terror attack on Glasgow airport. A blazing vehicle packed with gas canisters was driven into the front of the airport's Terminal One building.

The failed terror attacks were to prove a serious first test for new Prime Minister Gordon Brown, who had taken over at Number 10 and unveiled his first Cabinet revamp only the day before.

The year 2007 might prove to be the last gasp for reality TV shows, but Channel 4's Big Brother still managed to make the headlines when Emily was thrown out for using a racially-offensive word.

But what really provoked a furore was the London 2012 Olympics logo. The design took a year to create but was instantly mauled by the public.

JULY

Alan Johnston
Alan Johnston freed at last
BBC correspondent Alan Johnston was kidnapped in Gaza on 12 March. He had been the only international journalist still working in the region and there were great fears for his safety.

Up to 200,000 people signed the BBC's online petition for his release and after 114 days in captivity he was freed, aided by a shift of power in Gaza.

It never rains but it pours... and this summer was one of the wettest on record. Several days before Mr Brown begun his premiership Hull was under water, but the flooding spread around the UK with Warwickshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, some of the counties worst affected.

A week after the downpours, many areas were still under water and when the waters finally did recede the insurance claims began to flood in.

The BBC stumbled into trouble with a film clip of the Queen which appeared to show her storming out of a photo session. The corporation apologised when it was revealed the film had been shown out of sequence.

AUGUST

Mississippi road bridge falling into river
40-year-old bridge collapses
Disaster struck in the US state of Minnesota when a road bridge over the Mississippi collapsed, during the evening rush-hour, killing 13 people. About 50 vehicles were thrown into the water when the bridge suddenly gave way.

The southern hemisphere was treated to a spectacular light show of shooting stars known as the Perseid meteor shower. Astronomy Professor David Hughes told readers it was a "laid back form of astronomy" - which you could sit back and enjoy without any special equipment.

August drew to a close with a cautionary tale about exotic animals after news that a pet camel killed an Australian woman. The creature was a 60th birthday present, but the 152kg (336lbs) mammal proved too much for its new owner when it crushed her in an overly-friendly moment.

SEPTEMBER

Northern Rock rag out
How many UK readers had heard the term "sub-prime" before the collapse of Northern Rock bank? The bank was besieged by savers, desperate to take out their money after Northern Rock admitted it was in financial difficulty.

Four months after Madeleine McCann's disappearance, public sympathy for parents Gerry and Kate began to ebb as they were formally declared suspects by the Portuguese police. Later in the month, parts of the UK were hit by tornadoes which damaged homes and vehicles and uprooted trees. In one incident, a woman in Luton reported her daughter's trampoline lifted 15ft (4.52m) into the air by a "funnel of wind".

OCTOBER

Financial news of a better kind - a cut in inheritance tax for couples, announced in the new chancellor, Alistair Darling's, pre-Budget report, grabbed readers' attention in October.

For anyone who believes in a negotiated settlement the next year should be seen as an opportunity - at least they are talking to each other now
Jeremy Bowen
And there was promising news on the Middle East with US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice pledging to address substantive issues and push for a Palestinian state.

In the event, the Annapolis summit agreed to work towards a Palestinian state alongside Israel by the end of 2008. In the words of our Middle East editor Jeremy Bowen "At least the sides are talking to each other now".

But the question we all wanted answered by the Magazine was why do "normal" people get tattoos?

NOVEMBER

UK families were put on fraud alert after the Government admitted two computer discs containing the personal details of 25 million people had disappeared.

The missing data included bank details, national insurance numbers, as well as names and addresses. The good news, Chancellor Alistair Darling assured us, was there was "no evidence" it had fallen into the wrong hands.

Explorer on side in ice
Icy cruisers land in cold water
More than 150 people had to be rescued from a stricken Antarctic ship after it hit ice and began sinking during a cruise off Antarctica. The group were taking part in a "Spirit of Shackleton" voyage through the Drake Passage.

The discovery of a giant sea scorpion claw, got researchers in Germany thinking. They said the 390-million-year-old specimen came from a 2.5m-tall (8ft) creature - and indicated that other creepy crawlies may have been much bigger in the past than we'd previously thought.

DECEMBER

News that a UK teacher had been freed from a Sudanese jail following a row over the naming of a teddy bear was greeted with relief by British officials. Gillian Gibbons received a 15-day jail term for calling the bear Muhammad - but was released after serving only eight and allowed to return home.

A very relieved - if little overawed - Mrs Gibbons later spoke of her ordeal saying it had all been a huge shock but she wanted to continue teaching.

Jerboa
Desert jerboa is rarely seen

A report containing film of the mysterious desert jerboa - a tiny mouse-like creature never before captured by camera - attracted many readers, probably drawn by the fact the animal has one of the largest ear-to-body ratios on Earth.

Then, just as it seemed the year's biggest stories had gone, the assasination of Pakistan's opposition leader, Benazir Bhutto, prompted despair from her followers followed by widespread disorder across Pakistan. There was condemnation from the international community.

Winehouse and Lewis head charts

Amy Winehouse
The album includes the hit single Rehab
Amy Winehouse's album Back to Black has been confirmed as the biggest selling album of the year in the UK.

The album sold 1.85 million copies, including 265,000 sales of a recent deluxe version of the LP.

Leona Lewis, the 2006 winner of ITV1's X Factor, secured the year's best-selling single - Bleeding Love racked up sales of 788,000 in 10 weeks.

Her debut album Spirit has sold 1.59 million copies in seven weeks - enough for second place in the album chart.

BIGGEST SELLING ALBUMS 2007
1. Amy Winehouse, Back to Black
2. Leona Lewis, Spirit
3. Mika: Life in Cartoon Motion
4. Take That, Beautiful World
5. Westlife, Back Home
6. Eagles, Long Road Out of Eden
7. Kaiser Chiefs, Yours Truly Angry Mob
8. Arctic Monkeys, Favourite Worst Nightmares
9. Timbaland, Shock Value
10. Rihanna: Good Girl Gone Bad
Source: Official UK Charts Company

Winehouse's success comes at the end of a turbulent year during which she has been a regular feature in the tabloid press amid reports of drug use and rehabilitation treatment.

She also cancelled her remaining UK tour dates earlier this year after her husband was remanded in custody charged with attempting to pervert the course of justice.

A spokesman for the official UK Charts company said: "Amy's success highlights that she is not just about tabloid headlines, but that her music speaks for itself.

"Back To Black continues to be an impressive word-of-mouth hit."

British albums and singles dominate the 2007 chart, with eight of the top 10 biggest singles and six of the top 10 albums by British artists.

Rihanna's summer smash Umbrella was second in the singles chart, followed by Mika's Grace Kelly, 2007 X Factor winner Leon Jackson's When You Believe and Take That's Rule the World.

Lebanese-born Mika, who holds a British passport, also took third spot in the album chart with Life in Cartoon Motion.

Take That's Beautiful World and Westlife's Back Home completed the top five.

BIGGEST SELLING SINGLES 2007
1. Leona Lewis, Bleeding Love
2. Rihanna Feat Jay Z, Umbrella
3. Mika, Grace Kelly
4. Leon Jackson, When You Believe
5. Take That, Rule the World
6. Sugababes, About You Now
7. Timbaland Feat Keri Hilson, The Way I Are
8. Proclaimers/Brian Potter/Andy Pipkin, (I'm Gonna Be) 500 Miles
9. Mark Ronson Feat Amy Winehouse, Valerie
10.Kaiser Chiefs, Ruby
Source: Official UK Charts Company

Meanwhile, Leon Jackson celebrated his 19th birthday on Sunday with a second week at the top of the weekly UK singles chart.

His debut single When You Believe, which was last week's Christmas number one, is already the fastest-selling single of the year.

The track has now sold just under 400,000 copies in two weeks.

"It's incredible to be seeing in the New Year with a second week at number one," he said.

The Scottish singer will perform at the opening of Edinburgh's Hogmanay celebrations on Monday.

Lewis's Bleeding Love is in second spot in the singles chart, followed by Soulja Boy Tellem's Crank That.

Lewis's album stayed at number one in the album chart, while Westlife hung on to second place.

December 31st

ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
1964: Campbell speeds to double record
Donald Campbell breaks the world water speed record, the only man to break both land and water speed records in the same year.
1999: Putin takes over as Yeltsin resigns
Boris Yeltsin has resigned as Russian president and says Prime Minister Vladimir Putin will take over immediately.
1987: Zeebrugge heroes honoured
People who displayed heroism during the Zeebrugge ferry disaster are recognised in the New Year's Honours List.

30.12.07

James Bond stamps to be launched

Jame Bond stamps
Fleming designed the From Russia With Love and Casino Royale covers

The centenary of the birth of James Bond creator Ian Fleming is to be marked next month with six extra-long UK stamps, Royal Mail has said.

Each stamp has been lengthened to show a number of different Bond novel covers, with first-class stamps featuring Casino Royale and Dr No.

The 54p stamps reveal the covers of Goldfinger and Diamonds Are Forever.

And the final 78p pairing, also launched on 8 January, has For Your Eyes Only and From Russia With Love.

Other Royal Mail stamp issues for 2008 will include celebrations of the classic Carry On and Hammer horror films, both of which will be available in June.

"Royal Mail's special stamps are a national institution, marking famous anniversaries, celebrating the greatest events and showcasing the best of British," said Julietta Edgar from the postal company.

Meanwhile the US Postal Service is honouring film actress Bette Davis next year, with a commemorative stamp to mark the 100th anniversary of her birth.

The star names we lost in 2007

A look back at some of the key personalities from the worlds of acting, music and the arts who passed away in 2007.

Click on the links below to read more about them.

MICHELANGELO ANTONIONI

Antonioni

Italian film director Michelangelo Antonioni was famed for his iconic films, the most famous of which was 1966's Blow-Up. He was nominated for two Oscars for the English language film, a sexually explicit murder mystery set in London's thriving fashion scene.

The film-maker was also nominated for the top prize at the Cannes Film Festival, the Palme d'Or, five times between 1960 and 1982. He received an honorary Academy Award in 1995.

His last cinematic release, following a stroke in the 80s, was 2004's The Dangerous Thread of Things, one part of a trilogy of short films released under the title Eros. He died aged 94.

INGMAR BERGMAN

Bergman
Ingmar Bergman was personally nominated for nine Oscars, while three of his films won Oscars for best foreign film.

The Swedish film-maker's 60-year career spanned intense classics like Cries & Whispers, The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawberries.

Bergman had five marriages and eight children, and his work often explored the tensions between married couples. He died aged 89.

ALAN COREN

Coren

Writer and journalist Alan Coren was widely regarded as one of the wittiest men in Britain.

He began his career writing for satirical magazine Punch, which he went on to edit for two decades. He also appeared on BBC Radio 4's The News Quiz, which was the inspiration for BBC One's Have I Got News For You.

In the 90s he appeared on BBC TV quiz Call My Bluff and wrote for The Times and Daily Mail. He died aged 69 after suffering from cancer.

CHARMAINE DRAGUN

Dragun

Popular Australian TV news presenter Charmaine Dragun was found dead aged 29 at a notorious suicide spot in Sydney.

She had been a rising star on Network Ten, where she was co-anchor of a primetime evening news programme.

Her demise shocked friends and family and prompted many tributes from fans. Police said they were not treating her death as suspicious.

LUCKY DUBE

Dube
South African reggae star Lucky Dube made unity, peace, freedom and respect his mantras, and his life's mission was to make the world a better place.

He recorded his first album aged 18, playing traditional mbaqanga music, but he changed to the more universal reggae as it was a "vehicle" to take his "message across to people in the world".

He was shot dead by car thieves as he dropped his teenage son and daughter off in a Johannesburg suburb. He was 43.

LEE HAZLEWOOD

Hazlewood
American singer and songwriter Lee Hazlewood wrote These Boots Are Made For Walkin' with Nancy Sinatra in 1965.

He was a charismatic and influential performer who also produced acts like Duane Eddy and Gram Parsons and latterly became something of a cult figure in the alternative music scene.

In 2005, he was diagnosed with kidney cancer. He died aged 78.

GARETH HUNT

Hunt
The New Avengers star Gareth Hunt starred in the 70s British TV series with Joanna Lumley for two seasons.

The British actor also appeared in popular drama Upstairs Downstairs, became the face of Nescafe coffee and briefly appeared in BBC One soap EastEnders in 2001.

He died of pancreatic cancer aged 65.

JOHN INMAN

Inman
British comic actor John Inman was best known for his camp performance as sales assistant Mr Humphries in 70s BBC sitcom Are You Being Served?

The show attracted up to 22 million viewers and his shrill "I'm free!" became a catchphrase. Inman was part of the cast for its entire 13-year run.

In December 2005 he and his partner of 35 years, Ron Lynch, took part in a civil partnership ceremony at London's Westminster Register Office. Inman died aged 71.

DEBORAH KERR

Kerr

British actress Deborah Kerr appeared in almost 50 films, including Hollywood classics From Here to Eternity, The King and I and Black Narcissus.

She was nominated for the best actress Oscar six times and received an honorary Academy Award in 1994.

She died aged 86 after suffering from Parkinson's disease for a number of years.

FRANKIE LAINE

Laine

US singer Frankie Laine sold more than 100 million records worldwide during a career that spanned seven decades.

His hits include Rawhide, I Believe and Ghost Riders In The Sky.

In 1996 he was presented with a lifetime achievement award at the 27th Annual Songwriters Hall of Fame awards ceremony. He died aged 93.

VERITY LAMBERT

Lambert

Verity Lambert was the first producer for hit cult TV series Doctor Who and was the BBC's first female TV producer. She was also the youngest to take charge of one of the corporation's TV shows.

She produced dramas including Minder, Quatermass, Rumpole of the Bailey and Jonathan Creek, while her company made 90s BBC soap Eldorado.

Lambert, who died in November aged 71, had been due to receive a lifetime achievement award at December's Women in Film and Television Awards.

RONALD MAGILL

Magill

Ronald Magill played Amos Brearly in British TV soap Emmerdale over three decades.

His character ran the Woolpack pub and was much loved by the show's fans.

He died aged 87.

MAGNUS MAGNUSSON

Magnusson
Magnus Magnusson was most famous for launching and hosting the stern BBC One quiz show Mastermind, which he fronted for 25 years until 1997.

The Iceland-born broadcaster was also a journalist and author. He presented other TV shows reflecting his interests in history and ornithology.

Magnusson died aged 77.

NORMAN MAILER

Norman Mailer

American writer Norman Mailer challenged, tantalised and often outraged readers with reflections on American life, history and morality.

Mailer won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize twice and he wrote dozens of books as well as plays, poems, screenplays and essays. His works were often filled with violence, sexual obsession and views that angered feminists.

He was married six times and was the father of nine children. He died aged 84.

BERNARD MANNING

Bernard Manning
Controversial British comic Bernard Manning was a regular face on 70s ITV show The Comedians until the dawn of political correctness meant his material was no longer considered suitable for TV schedules.

He denied being racist, once remarking: "I tell jokes. You never take a joke seriously."

He went on to take over the Embassy Club in Manchester, where he was the chief performer for 40 years, generating most of his multi-million pound fortune. He died aged 76 after being treated in hospital for a kidney condition.

MARCEL MARCEAU

Marcel Marceau

French mime artist Marcel Marceau was best known for the melancholy, engaging clown Bip, who he created 60 years ago.

Brought up in Lille, he and his Jewish family fled to southwest France during World War II and he changed his name, Marcel Mangel, to hide his origins. His father died in Auschwitz and he and his brother joined the French Resistance and later the army.

He died aged 84.

LOIS MAXWELL

Lois Maxwell

Canadian actress Lois Maxwell starred as Miss Moneypenny in 14 James Bond movies, including Bond's first film outing, 1962's Dr No, starring Sir Sean Connery.

She played the role of secretary to M, the head of the secret service, until 1985's A View To A Kill with Sir Roger Moore.

She died aged 80.

GEORGE MELLY

Melly

Flamboyant British jazz singer and author George Melly was also a lecturer on art history and a film and television critic.

A fan of Bessie Smith and Fats Waller, he was famous for his routine of singing jazz numbers from the 1920s, interspersed with ribald jokes and saucy asides.

According to his wife, Melly was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2005 for which he refused all treatment. He died aged 80.

LUCIANO PAVAROTTI

Pavarotti
World-renowned tenor Luciano Pavarotti enjoyed 40 years on the world stage and became one of the world's biggest-selling artists.

His music reached far beyond the usual opera audience, particularly his signature tune Nessun Dorma, from Puccini's Turandot, which became associated with the 1990 football World Cup.

His performances with Domingo and Jose Carerras at this time - in the Three Tenors concerts - were seen around the world. He died aged 71 after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer last year.

MIKE REID

Reid
British actor Mike Reid was most famous for playing wheeler-dealer Frank Butcher in BBC One soap EastEnders.

Reid joined the show in 1987, quickly turning Frank into one of its most popular characters. He left the soap in 2005.

Reid started out as a stand-up comedian, having worked as a stunt man, and went on to work in TV shows including Runaround, Doctor Who and Minder. He was living in Spain at the time of his death, aged 67.

IAN RICHARDSON

Richardson

Scottish actor Ian Richardson was best-known for his Bafta-winning role as scheming chief whip Francis Urquhart in BBC TV's 1990 political drama House of Cards.

Some of his other TV roles included Bleak House, Midsomer Murders, Sherlock Holmes, Gormenghast, Porterhouse Blue and Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy. His many films included Terry Gilliam's Brazil and Jane Austen biopic Becoming Jane.

Richardson was also an honorary associate artist of the Royal Shakespeare Company. He died in his sleep aged 72.

MSTISLAV ROSTROPOVICH

Rostropovich
Celebrated Russian cellist and conductor Mstislav Rostropovich spent much of his career abroad, in self-imposed exile from the Soviet Union, over his support for Nobel prize writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

But he returned as communism collapsed. He performed a Bach suite as the Berlin Wall came down in 1989.

A master musician, Rostropovich was regarded as the greatest cellist since Spanish cellist Pablo Casals, who died in 1973. He was given an honorary knighthood in 1987 for his outstanding services to British music. He died aged 80.

ANNA NICOLE SMITH

Smith
A one-time Playmate of the Year, US celebrity Anna Nicole Smith was a model, occasional actress and star of her own reality TV show.

But she was more famous for her personal life - she married octogenarian millionaire J Howard Marshall when she was 26. He died 14 months later and Smith spent several years battling his family over his fortune. It was unresolved at the time of her death.

In September 2006, her 20-year-old son Daniel died just a few days after she gave birth to her daughter, Dannielyn. Smith died aged 39 after an accidental drug overdose, Florida officials said.

WERNER VON TRAPP

von Trapp

Austrian-born Werner von Trapp was a member of the family made famous by the legendary Hollywood film The Sound of Music.

The film was loosely based on a 1949 book by Mr von Trapp's stepmother Maria and he was depicted by the character named Kurt.

Mr von Trapp, who served in Europe with the US Army during World War II, was proficient in playing a number of instruments and as a singer. He died aged 91 in the US.

KURT VONNEGUT

Vonnegut

Writer Kurt Vonnegut was one of the outstanding figures of modern US literature, and became a cult figure among students in the 60s and 70s with his classics of US counterculture.

The pivotal moment of his life was the bombing of Dresden by allied forces in 1945. The experience informed his best-known work, Slaughterhouse Five.

He died aged 84. His wife, photographer and author Jill Krement, said he had suffered brain injuries after a fall at his Manhattan home.

TONY WILSON

Wilson

Tony Wilson was the music mogul behind some of Manchester's most successful bands. He was widely regarded as the man who put the city on the map for its music and vibrant nightlife.

The Salford-born entrepreneur and TV journalist founded Factory records, the label behind New Order and the Happy Mondays.

He was also famous for setting up the Hacienda nightclub. Wilson died aged 57 after suffering from kidney cancer.

JANE WYMAN

Wyman

US-born Jane Wyman was one of Hollywood's leading actresses in the 40s and 50s and was also the first wife of former US president and actor Ronald Reagan.

She became a household name in Billy Wilder's 1945 feature The Lost Weekend, as Ray Milland's long-suffering girlfriend.

Among her most famous films was the 1948 film Johnny Belinda, where her performance as a deaf mute won her an Oscar. She died aged 90.

December 30th

ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
1994: Gunman kills two women at abortion clinic
Two women are shot dead and at least five others injured after a gunman opens fire at two neighbouring abortion clinics.
1958: Castro's rebels edge closer to capital
Thousands die in the bloodiest fighting in Cuba's history as rebels threaten to overthrow the military regime of President Batista.
2002: Diana Ross arrested for drink-driving
Singer Diana Ross is stopped by the police for drinking and driving after her car is seen swerving across a road.

29.12.07

Faces of the year - the women

Clockwise from left: Amy Winehouse, Benazir Bhutto, Jane Tomlinson, Gillian Gibbons, Meredith Kercher, Paris Hilton, Faye Turney, Shilpa Shetty, Christine Ohuruogu, Jacqui Smith

Some of the women who have made the headlines in 2007. Click here for the men of the year.

AGYNESS DEYN
Sudden supermodel Agyness Deyn became queen of the catwalk this year with her unusual cropped peroxide look. The Brit (there is some dispute as to her age) has sealed her status as the new Kate Moss by fronting campaigns for Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, Mulberry and Armani. And she made the top 10 models cover on the spring issue of American Vogue. Five years ago, Deyn, real name Laura Hollins, was working in a fish and chip shop in Stubbins, Lancashire.

FAYE TURNEY
Leading Seaman Faye Turney was one of 15 British naval personnel seized by Iran while on a routine patrol in the Gulf. Accused of spying illegally, Turney and her colleagues were filmed "confessing" their guilt. Much of the sympathy for their plight disappeared when Turney, mother of a young child, sold her story to a tabloid newspaper for a reported £100,000. The Ministry of Defence has since banned further sales.

MADELEINE MCCANN
No person has been more talked and written about this year than pre-schooler Madeleine McCann. She disappeared from a holiday apartment in Portugal in May shortly before her fourth birthday and remains missing. Her case caused a media frenzy, especially when police suggested they had found traces of Madeleine's blood in the McCanns' car, hired 25 days after she vanished. The police claims have been widely disputed, yet Madeleine's parents, Kate and Gerry, remain formal suspects. They have protested their innocence.

AMY WINEHOUSE
Singer Amy Winehouse's drink and drugs problems were played out in the full beam of publicity in 2007. Unedifying pictures of her and her husband bloodied after a "domestic" in the early hours were plastered over the papers. She appeared drunk on stage, cancelled numerous concerts and ended the year helping police inquiries into a case in which her husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, is charged with perverting the course of justice.

SHILPA SHETTY
Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty was virtually unknown in Britain until Jade Goody, Danielle Lloyd and Jo O'Meara subjected her to racist bullying on Celebrity Big Brother. They mocked her accent and manners, and Goody once referred to her as Shilpa Poppadum. A record number of viewers complained, and Channel 4 was found guilty of "serious editorial misjudgements". Shetty's victory, however, was seen as a national vote for tolerance.

KATIE HOPKINS
Katie Hopkins earned the title of "superbitch" on The Apprentice TV series by way of the caustic put-downs of her fellow contestants. Offered a place in the final, she withdrew in the interests of her young family. Sir Alan Sugar then described her as "unemployable". Not so for TV companies. She appeared on ITV's I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here, although was voted off quickly. Nevertheless, her public profile is such that she expects consultancy, public speaking and media work to earn her a six-figure salary next year.

PARIS HILTON
Socialite Paris Hilton was jailed this year for driving while banned. There was some bewilderment when she was released after only four days of a 45-day sentence owing to a "psychological condition". However, the next day she was hastily summoned back to prison and eventually served three weeks. On her release, she declared the experience had been "life-changing" and that she'd had it with the shallow, celebrity life. Evidence for this has yet to be corroborated.

ANNIE LIEBOVITZ
American celebrity portrait photographer Annie Liebovitz found herself at the centre of a media storm when she was filmed photographing Queen Elizabeth as part of a BBC documentary on the monarchy. Her Majesty didn't take kindly to Liebovitz's suggestion that she remove her tiara for a particular shot. There followed an edited sequence, shown in a publicity trailer, which suggested, falsely, that the queen had stormed off in a huff. BBC One controller Peter Fincham eventually fell on his sword.

JACQUI SMITH
Jacqui Smith, who became the surprise choice for home secretary when Gordon Brown took office, has complained that the media has been obsessed with her cleavage since she wore a low-cut top - by the standards of the House of Commons - for her first statement as minister. Last month, she was forced to admit that her department had kept quiet the fact that it had been licensing security guards who are not even entitled to work in Britain. Now, she is embroiled in a pay row with the police, having offered them a below-inflation deal.

LEONA LEWIS
Having won X Factor last year, along with its £1m recording contract, Leona Lewis's career has gone from strength to strength. Last month, her album Spirit became the UK's fastest-selling debut ever when it shipped 375,000 copies in the first week. Her single, Bleeding Love, made it a Christmas number one double for the 22-year-old ex-Pizza Hut waitress from London. She has also secured a $5m contract with American music mogul, Clive Davis.

CHRISTINE OHURUOGU
British sprinter Christine Ohuruogu completed a one-year suspension in August for missing three out-of-competition drugs tests. But in November, she won an appeal against a lifetime ban to compete at the Olympics following an independent panel assessment that she had not deliberately tried to cheat. Ohuruogu's victory in the 400m at the world championships in Osaka was Britain's only gold, yet the athlete received the fewest votes ever in the BBC's Sports Personality of the Year award.

GILLIAN GIBBONS
Gillian Gibbons, a primary school teacher from Liverpool, caused a diplomatic incident in the Sudan where she'd sought a new professional direction. She named a teddy bear Muhammad after a class vote. She was arrested and charged with insulting Islam and inciting hatred. After being sentenced to 15 days imprisonment, hundreds took to the streets protesting the lightness of the punishment and even demanding her death. After the intervention of two UK Muslim peers, Sudan's president eventually pardoned her.

BENAZIR BHUTTO
Two months after returning to her homeland following an eight-year self-imposed exile, Pakistan People's Party leader Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in a gun and bomb attack. She had been campaigning for January's general election, which may now be postponed or cancelled. It was the second suicide attack targeting her, the first being in Karachi on her homecoming. Then she emerged unscathed but 135 others died as bombs exploded close to her motorcade. Muslim extremists had been angered at her support for the US-led "war on terror".

MEREDITH KERCHER
The body of Meredith Kercher, of Croydon, was discovered with her throat cut at her apartment in the Italian city of Perugia in November. Three people are being held in custody suspected of involvement with her murder; her American flatmate, Amanda Knox, Knox's boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito and an Ivory Coast citizen, Rudy Guede. Prosecutors claim Kercher was raped prior to her death. She was in Italy as part of her European studies degree course.

ANNE ENRIGHT
A rank outsider, 45-year-old Irish author Anne Enright, beat favourites like Ian McEwan to scoop the prestigious Man Booker Prize for Literature. It was for her novel The Gathering, a dark, unremitting Irish family saga involving violence, sexual abuse and suicide. The chairman of the Booker judges, Howard Davies, declared: "It has an absolutely brilliant ending. It has one of the best last sentences of any novel I have ever read."

JANE TOMLINSON
Jane Tomlinson, who died in September, was an inspiration to many. The radiographer from Leeds was diagnosed with terminal cancer in 2000. In the ensuing seven years, she raised £1.5m for charity through a series of extraordinary tests of endurance. These included three London marathons, two gruelling Iron Man contests and a 4,000-mile cycle ride across the United States. Thousands turned out for her funeral at which her husband, Mike, described his wife's "ability to change lives".

US town escapes 666 phone prefix

Red telephone (archive)
The reference to 666 is taken from the Biblical book of Revelation
A town in the US state of Louisiana is to be allowed to change its telephone prefix so that residents can avoid a number many associate with the Devil.

Christian residents of Reeves have been complaining since the early 1960s about being given the prefix, 666 - known in the Bible as the "number of the beast".

For the next three months, households will able to change the first three digits of their phone numbers to 749.

Mayor Scott Walker said CenturyTel's decision was "divine intervention".

However, he admitted it helped that Louisiana's two senators had also lobbied for the change with the phone company and the state Public Service Commission.

It's been a black eye for our town, a stigma
Scott Walker
Mayor of Reeves

"It's been a black eye for our town, a stigma," he said.

"I don't think it's anything bad on us, just an image," he added. "We're good Christian people."

Mayor Walker said he had already made the switch to using the 749 prefix and expected about 80% of the town's 450 homeowners to do the same.

'Number of the beast'

The reference to 666 is taken from the Biblical book of Revelation, which talks about the events leading to the end of the world.

Scrap of manuscript showing Biblical book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation has fascinated Christians for centuries

Revelation 13:18 states: "If anyone has insight, let him calculate the number of the beast, for it is man's number. His number is 666."

The number has fascinated and puzzled Christians for centuries and led to a great deal of speculation about its meaning.

Many scholars believe it is a reference to the Roman emperor at the time Revelation was written - either Nero or Diocletian. Both men put large numbers of Christians to death.

Using the Jewish system of Gematria, in which each letter is given a number, either name can be made to add up to 666.

The fear of the number 666 is known as hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia.

Web icon set to be discontinued

Netscape logo
Netscape lost ground to Microsoft's internet Explorer
The browser that helped kick-start the commercial web is to cease development because of lack of users.

Netscape Navigator, now owned by AOL, will no longer be supported after 1 February 2008, the company has said.

In the mid-1990s the browser was used by more than 90% of the web population, but numbers have slipped to just 0.6%.

In particular, the browser has faced competition from Microsoft's Internet Explorer (IE), which is now used by nearly 80% of all web users.

"While internal groups within AOL have invested a great deal of time and energy in attempting to revive Netscape Navigator, these efforts have not been successful in gaining market share from Microsoft's Internet Explorer," said Tom Drapeau on the company's blog.

Browser wars

Netscape was developed by Marc Andreessen, co-author of Mosaic, the first popular web browser.

Mosaic was written while Mr Andreessen was a student at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois in 1992.

Firefox logo
Firefox was created by many of the Navigator developers

After graduation he set up Netscape Communications Corporation and began development of the Navigator browser. The first version was released in 1994.

It was quickly a success and dominated the browser market in the mid-1990s.

But other companies followed its success, notably Microsoft, which bundled its Explorer software with its operating systems.

This culminated in a highly-publicised legal battle, which saw Microsoft accused of anti-competitive behaviour.

Although the settlement saw Netscape gain many concessions from Microsoft including the ability to exploit IE code, it has been unable to gain back its market share.

The demise of Navigator was compounded in 2003 when AOL, which bought Netscape in 1998, made redundant most of the staff working on new versions of the browser.

Many of the staff moved to the Mozilla Foundation which develops the popular Firefox browser. This browser has a 16% share of the browser market.

Fade away

Although a core team has continued to work on the secure browser - it is currently on version nine - AOL has decided to finally pull the plug.

"After 1 February, there will be no more active product support for Navigator nine, or any previous Netscape Navigator browser," wrote Mr Drapeau.

"We feel it's the right time to end development of Netscape branded browsers, hand the reins fully to Mozilla and encourage Netscape users to adopt Firefox," he said.

Users of the browser will no longer receive security or software updates after the date.

Old versions of the browser will still be available for download, but will no longer be supported.

Microsoft is expected to launch a new version of IE in 2008, whilst the third version of Firefox is currently available as a beta, or test version.

December 28th & 29th

ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES

1980: Green light for breakfast television
A shake-up of broadcasting franchises paves the way for breakfast television.

2003: Britain gives go-ahead for 'sky marshals'
The British Government announces plans to tighten airline security by allowing armed guards on some British flights to the USA.

1993: Mafia link in cocaine haul
British customs officials seize £70m of Colombian cocaine thought to be linked to the Mafia.


ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES

1998: Six die as huge waves smash into yachts
Six people have died after mountainous seas smashed into yachts taking part in the prestigious Sydney to Hobart race.

1975: New laws to end battle of the sexes
Radical new legislation introducing a woman's right to equal pay and status comes into force in the UK.

1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory
Rajiv Gandhi claims a massive victory for his assassinated mother's Congress Party in the Indian general election.

Parkinson and Minogue top honours

Michael Parkinson
Michael Parkinson has hosted his final chat show

Broadcaster Michael Parkinson and singer Kylie Minogue are among those to feature in the New Year Honours list.

The 72-year-old chat show host, who has just retired, is knighted for services to broadcasting while Minogue's OBE is for services to music.

Marks and Spencer boss Stuart Rose and Dolly the sheep creator Ian Wilmut are also knighted and children's author Jacqueline Wilson becomes a dame.

England rugby coach Brian Ashton is among the sportsmen honoured.

I never imagined it would happen. It's just fantastic, wonderful - a great honour
Michael Parkinson

Sir Ian McKellen joins the exclusive Order of the Companion of Honour - restricted to 65 members, including the Queen.

News of a knighthood for miner's son Sir Michael comes two weeks after he retired from his chat show with a programme featuring his favourite guests.

Sir Michael said he felt "very strange" about the honour.

"I never imagined it would happen," he said. "It's just fantastic, wonderful - a great honour."

"I haven't really taken it in. It's something I'll get used to, hopefully, in the coming years."

He said he would still swap his knighthood for a cap for his beloved Yorkshire cricket club.

Retailers recognised

Minogue, 39, said she was "almost surprised as I am honoured" by her OBE.

Sir Stuart Rose - credited with reviving the fortunes of his store - said of his knighthood: "Naturally, I am delighted but it is as much for everyone at M&S as it is for me."

Kylie Minogue
Kylie Minogue said she was "deeply touched" by her award

Also from the world of retail, designer Jasper Conran is appointed OBE, as are clothing chain boss Karen Millen and Neal's Yard Remedies' founder Romy Fraser.

Music administrator Nicholas Kenyon, responsible for the BBC Proms from 1996 to 2007, is also knighted.

Those working in the field of science have also been honoured.

Professor Ian Wilmut, the scientist who led the team that created Dolly the sheep - the first cloned mammal - said he was "surprised and delighted" to received a knighthood.

And Steve Furber, of the University of Manchester, who designed the classic BBC Micro computer, is appointed CBE for services to computer science.

Sports stars

Meanwhile, sports presenter Des Lynam is appointed OBE, as is BBC journalist George Alagiah.

Sports broadcaster and former long-distance runner Brendan Foster is appointed CBE and snooker world champion John Higgins has become an MBE.

READ THE FULL LIST

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Other sports stars recognised in the list include England rugby coach Brian Ashton and retired former captain Jason Robinson.

Stars of the stage and screen have also been recognised.

Gay actor Sir Ian McKellen, 68, said after finding out that he was becoming a Companion of Honour: "It is particularly pleasing that 'equality' is included in my citation."

Julie Walters (CBE), Leslie Phillips (CBE) and Richard Griffiths (OBE) join the other performers on the list.

Musicians who feature include Jethro Tull frontman Ian Anderson (MBE) and Jazzie B (OBE), whose real name is Trevor Romeo.

Charity work

Marjorie Wallace, chief executive of mental health charity Sane, has been appointed CBE. The charity provided the first national out-of-hours mental health helpline.

Sir Ian McKellen
Sir Ian McKellen has received an honour given to only 65 people

And Michele Elliott, director and founder of children's charity Kidscape, has been appointed OBE.

Meanwhile, Alasdair Macdonald, head of Morpeth School, Tower Hamlets, has been made a knight for services to education.

And Edinburgh University vice-chancellor, Professor Sir Timothy O'Shea, was also made a knight for services to higher education.

Andy Trotter, deputy chief constable of British Transport Police, becomes OBE while Nuala O'Loan - the first police ombudsman for Northern Ireland - becomes a dame.

Flood rescue

A number of people were also awarded for their involvement in rescue operations during the 2007 floods.

They included Capt Tracey Palmer (MBE), of the Salvation Army in Worksop, who provided shelter for children in the local church hall as their parents battled with the elements to save their homes.

Leslie Adams, of York, was also appointed MBE for services to flood rescue.

Meanwhile, the Reverend David Hands, a bus driver in Sunderland, becomes an MBE for services to public transport.

28.12.07

Faces of the year - the men

Clockwise from top left: Alex Salmond, Nicolas Sarkozy, Bob Woolmer, David Abrahams, Alan Johnston, James McAvoy, Mika, Brian Ashton, Lewis Hamilton, Phil Spector

Some of the men who have made the headlines in 2007. The women of the year will be profiled on 29 December.

JAMES MCAVOY
The year saw Scottish actor James McAvoy become hot property in Hollywood. He won a Bafta Best Actor award for his role in The Last King of Scotland, drew plaudits for his leading parts in Atonement and Becoming Jane, and has just completed the blockbuster Wanted with Morgan Freeman and Angelina Jolie. Not bad for a working-class Glaswegian who was brought up by his grandparents on one of the city's most deprived council estates.

NICOLAS SARKOZY
After a bitter battle against his Socialist rival Segolene Royal, Nicolas Sarkozy was elected President of France in May after a record turnout of 85 per cent. His platform was to effect a "moral renaissance" for France by cutting down on welfare and restoring the work ethic. By the end of the year he had unveiled nearly 100 measures to streamline France's cumbersome public administration. He has also developed a playboy image after divorcing his wife, Cecilia.

MARK ZUCKERBERG
At the start of 2007, the social networking website Facebook was visited by a relative handful of students wanting to hook up with old friends and acquaintances. By October, when Microsoft bought into it, the site had mushroomed into a $15bn concern with more than 50 million users. Even some social scientists are using it for gleaning data for their research. Facebook's chief executive Mark Zuckerberg is now a multi-millionaire at 23.

JOHN DARWIN
John Darwin, 57, walked into a London police station at the start of December after being presumed dead for five years. He had disappeared in an apparent canoeing accident after leaving his home near Hartlepool in 2002 and was thought to have drowned. He and his wife, Anne, have been charged with dishonestly obtaining insurance money. Mr Darwin is also charged with making an untrue statement to procure a passport. They have been remanded in custody until 11 January.

STEPHEN CLARKSON
Holidaymaker Stephen Clarkson was awaiting a flight in Glasgow in the summer when a terrorist crashed a burning jeep through the terminal doors and set himself on fire. As police grappled with him, Mr Clarkson waded in and elbowed the still-smouldering man down, enabling the police to arrest him. Mr Clarkson, who received a bravery award, commented, "He was disorientated when I knocked him down otherwise I don't think I would have been able. He was a big fellow."

GORDON BROWN
Having successfully coped with an early onslaught of foot-and-mouth disease and widespread flooding Gordon Brown's premiership was plunged into a series of crises over party funding scandals, his dithering over whether to call a general election, his government's alleged timidity over Northern Rock's financial plight and a succession of disappearances of discs containing confidential personal information on millions of Britons. Restoring his and his party's reputation will be top of his 2008 agenda.

DAVID ABRAHAMS
Once looked upon as a saviour of a cash-strapped political party, David Abrahams was to haunt Labour in 2007. Having changed the laws over party funding following the Blair government's "cash for honours" inquiry, Labour proceeded to break them, most spectacularly by allowing Abrahams to make donations through proxies in order to protect his anonymity. Abrahams achieved anything but, and, as the affair turned nasty, threatened "dirty turns" if Labour started "hammering" him.

PHIL SPECTOR
The jury in the trial of legendary music producer Phil Spector, was unable to reach a verdict as to whether or not he murdered actress Lana Clarkson in 2003. Clarkson was shot at point blank range at Spector's Los Angeles home hours after meeting him at the cocktail bar at which she was a waitress. Spector claimed she accidentally killed herself. He was released on bail, and now faces either a retrial or a plea-bargain settlement.

BOB WOOLMER
The death of Bob Woolmer in a hotel room in Jamaica during this year's World Cup was a sad loss to cricket. But when the police claimed it was murder, Woolmer's death became a worldwide sensation. Speculation was rife that organised crime surrounding betting rings may have been involved. Fingers were even pointed at members of the Pakistan team that Woolmer coached. In the end, though, the Jamaican police had to admit that new evidence ruled out foul play.

MIKA
With his January single, Grace Kelly, flamboyant singer Mika reached the number one in the singles chart by download alone. His popularity increased with the album Life in Cartoon Motion, which has sold more than four million copies worldwide. The 23-year-old, real name Michael Holbrook Penniman, was born in Beirut but moved to London when he was nine. He went to Westminster School and turned to pop music after dropping out of the Royal College of Music.

ALAN JOHNSTON
The only Western journalist based in Gaza, BBC correspondent Alan Johnston became the focus of worldwide attention in 2007. A campaign calling for his release was launched after members of a group called The Army of Islam kidnapped him. He was held hostage for nearly four months during which time he was threatened with execution but not tortured. After his release, he spoke movingly about pacing in his room for mile after mile and how his ordeal provided him with a "dark education".

LEWIS HAMILTON
Lewis Hamilton took Formula One motor racing by storm in this his debut year by coming within a whisker of being the first rookie ever to win the drivers' championship. He proved he could drive fastest in all conditions, and only a couple of errors in the last two races cost him the title. The 22-year-old from a modest background in Stevenage is now a pin-up, touted as a black role model and a millionaire. He has moved to Switzerland for privacy and to ease his tax bill.

LORD BROWNE
This year saw the premature end of Lord Browne of Madingley's reign at the helm of Britain's biggest company, BP. Known in business circles as the Sun King, and one of Britain's most respected corporate leaders, John Browne was forced to retire early after it emerged he had lied to a judge while trying to block a kiss-and-tell story by his former lover, Jeff Chevalier. The scandal capped a series of disasters for BP including an explosion at a Texas refinery which killed 15 people and an oil spill in Alaska.

ALEX SALMOND
Alex Salmond made political history in May this year by becoming the first Scottish Nationalist head of the Scottish Parliament. The first minister immediately made it clear to the government that he would be seeking increased powers for the parliament. Mr Salmond has promised a referendum at some future date as to whether Scotland should break its ties with the rest of Britain and believes Scotland will achieve its independence within 10 years.

CHRIS LANGHAM
It should have been a good year for actor Chris Langham thanks to his lead role in the award-winning BBC TV comedy The Thick of It. Instead, he wound up serving a jail sentence for downloading child pornography. He said during his trial that he had been sexually abused as a boy, and claims that he only downloaded the images to assist with the research for a paedophile character he played in a TV comedy.

BRIAN ASHTON
After an unconvincing win over the United States in the their opening game of the Rugby World Cup, which they followed with a thrashing by South Africa, it looked as if England and their coach Brian Ashton were heading for oblivion. But in a sensational turnaround, the team defeated both Australia and hosts France to reach the final. The Springboks only narrowly beat them there but Brian Ashton had done enough to earn an extension to his contract.

Ad Breakdown's pick of 2007

Gorilla advert



With TV broadcasters in meltdown over hoaxes and fakery scandals, many advertisers have continued to flirt with the viewer over what is real and what is not. And yes, drumming gorilla, that includes you.

Ad Breakdown traditionally charts some of the highlights and lowlights at the end of the year. Whatever the ongoing debate about standards in TV, it's clear that adverts being what they seem to be still appeal to viewers. And as advertisers try harder than ever to make adverts which people want to watch - and not skip past with their Sky+ or digital video recorder - it's been a rich seam for exploration.

Sony again followed its theme of reality ads (after dropping tons of balls down San Francisco hills and exploding paint over an empty Glasgow tower block) by creating a dream-like animation of hundreds of multi-coloured rabbits jumping all over New York.

It's a massively impressive sight, timed perfectly to the Rolling Stones' She's A Rainbow, and from the opening seconds the viewer is asking him or herself how real it is. Did they really go to all that trouble of making an intricate stop-motion animation in the middle of Manhattan? The fleeting images of reactions from passers-by indicate to the viewer that, yes, this was for real and for most viewers that will be evidence enough.

Cadbury Gorilla advert
Face of 2007
A supporting website and behind-the-scenes movie (now customary for epic adverts like this) give some facts and figures - that the rabbits were made of foam and wire, that 40 animators rehearsed for a week to make the filming go smoothly, and that because the models were switched from one position to another, there were "never any wasted rabbits". So, animal-friendly too.

Pure ecstasy

Some traits of the advert - the colours, the crafting, the have-a-go foolhardiness of the task - were also seen in the Skoda Fabia built from cake, icing and jelly. Another well-chosen soundtrack - Julie Andrews' My Favourite Things - makes it even more compelling. As Ad Breakdown reader Clare Baker of Devizes noted: "It becomes more amazing every time I watch it as you pick up on new details you missed the first time."

Orange ad
"Every time this advert appears on our television the whole family seems to stop what they are doing," Samantha from Exeter added. "My children always say 'mummy please can we have one of those', of course meaning the cake car. My husband has a look upon his face of pure ecstasy, cravings to sink his sweet tooth into the car. I myself often think about taking a bite of the jelly brake-lights."

It was the cake's reality which made the advert so appealing - but being real the cake went off under the heat of the studio lights and had to be dumped before it could be distributed to the needy.

Rob Mortimer, who writes an advertising blog, Ad-Pit, says the desire to make adverts look too big can detract from what is trying to be achieved. The Guinness advert - which like Sony has a heritage to keep up - showed lots of dominoes stacked up and ready to topple. Gradually larger items are felled - cars, mattresses, flaming hay bales - culminating in books opening to make a massive pint of Guinness.

Skoda Fabia cake
One favourite thing
It was, says Mortimer, almost too grand. "It's too big," he says. "It's a visual spectacle, but it doesn't quite have the charm that we expect from Guinness adverts."

Though beguiling, the advert is really no more than a reworking of that modern classic, Honda's Cogs in which a sequence of car parts set each other off. Orange seemed to try a similar effect with its Continuous Colours advert in which a girl lifting a flag starts a woman drawing a line with similar coloured crayons which then sets off streamers.

Three of these four adverts mentioned so far were made by the same company, which must have been the cause for a good Christmas party in that office.

And the same firm was responsible for the advert which sits astride the year like a sweaty drummer on a tiny stool - Cadbury's Gorilla. It is destined to be the one image from 2007 that advertising histories will not be able to ignore.

So dominant was it that tabloids and broadsheets alike wrote about it - even cited when Cadbury financial results were announced. Children In Need's Pudsey attempted a half-hearted tribute. Phil Collins found himself back in the record shops.

And yet even there the theme of reality is not far away. Who can admit that it never, even for a moment, crossed their mind that it might have been a real gorilla? Its movements seem so natural, especially its nostrils flaring. But it was artifice - a man in a gorilla suit, albeit one of the world's most accomplished gorilla impersonator, Garon Michael, whose previous work includes Congo and Planet of the Apes.

Cadbury itself describes the suspense as the gorilla stretches and breathes deeply thus: "We know that the best drum solo in the whole history of rock - ever - is coming. The Gorilla knows it too. The Gorilla hits the drums with passion and vigour. Elegance meets power. He's phenomenal on the drums - feeling every beat."

Some critics will no doubt wonder why Cadbury's should have gone with this advert. What's it got to do with chocolate? Couldn't it equally be for the Bradford and Bingley? But Rob Mortimer says that as well as reminding him of some of advertising's great characters (like George the Hofmeister bear), the gorilla is part of a line back to one of Cadbury's most famous works - the Flake girl in the bath.

"It's about taking the time for yourself, capturing the moment. It's more energetic and more masculine, but in some ways this is the Male Flake."

Is there any higher accolade that can be paid?

And the rest...

Some final thoughts on those ads you would skip past, and those you would rewind to watch again.

SKIP

  • PCWorld - Battering us into submission by being shown a massive number of times. Makes you wish the giant cursor finger would click Quit.

  • M&S - Persisting with its "this is not just food" campaign - two years after this column noted it was becoming a wearisome and parodied by I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. This is not just boring...

  • WKD - Being mean isn't funny in itself, you know. But judging by the number of spoofs made it's hitting the mark with someone.

  • Apple - for its Mac v PC series starring Mitchell and Webb. Not a patch on the original US versions.

REWIND

  • M&S - Adding Myleene Klass and now Antonio Banderas to the line-up has given the show's clothing campaigns an air of knowingness and helped it move on from the "make or break" years.

  • Vodafone - on two counts. One for showing watch parts raining out of the sky, to the accompaniment of Little April Showers from Bambi. Two for the 'Time Theft' advert where a man's romantic lunchtime meetings mysteriously disappear and he finds himself back in his bland office.

  • E.on - selling the idea of wind power, a seaside town gets taken over by almighty winds lifting people off the ground - done in a way that it's all a cause for fun.

  • Mail on Sunday - a battlefield clash between men armed with remote controlled cars, and women unleashing baying Chihuahuas. Harmony breaks out as the women read one of the newspaper's supplements and the men read another. Probably Ad Breakdown's favourite advert of the year - and especially welcome since most newspaper advertising is about the latest Bananarama CD giveaway.

    Warner agrees to use MP3 format

    Sean Paul
    Sean Paul is among the artists who will now be available in MP3
    Warner Music Group is making its music available for US downloads from Amazon in MP3 format without copy protection.

    Warner had been holding out against using the format because MP3 tracks are easier to share between users and may be freely burned onto CDs.

    Amazon.com's download store is a major US competitor to Apple's iTunes, which uses Digital Rights Management (DRM) to restrict the use of some of its tracks.

    Warner's artists include Led Zeppelin, Aretha Franklin and Sean Paul.

    Sony BMG is now the only major recording group not signed up with Amazon.com's download service, which is only available to US customers at present.

    "By removing a barrier to the sale and enjoyment of audio downloads, we bring an energy-sapping debate to a close," Warner Music chief executive Edgar Bronfman said in an e-mail to Warner employees.

    Amazon launched its US download store in September after reaching agreements to sell unprotected tracks from Universal Music Group and EMI.

    Rich life emerges from nature's freezer

    Polychaete juveniles. Image: Bluhm/Gradinger
    Objects of attention; juvenile polychaete worms in the lab
    The Arctic ice supports, literally, the polar bear, a half-tonne behemoth of creamy-white fur and muscle and claws you would not argue with.

    It is highly visible and hugely iconic.

    But just as the tiger and the rhinoceros depend on creatures you cannot see without a microscope and would not willingly give house room to if you could, so does the polar bear stand, literally, on a patchwork lattice of invisible, miniscule life.

    Life-forms such as polychaetes (or bristleworms), copepods and amphipods that live just under the ice, around its edge, or even inside the floes themselves.

    "There are polychaetes, for example, which have juveniles or larvae that instead of living in the water column as they usually do, they go into the ice," Bodil Bluhm relates.

    "And the sea ice consists of crystals, of course; and between the crystals, there's a liquid network of brine channels, and this network houses algae, and the ice algae are abundant at a time when the water column has very little food."

    The channels are a good place for the larvae to find food, and also to hide from anything that might want a polychaete infant for dinner.

    Eventually you would run into a mismatch, where the ice melts before they're ready to have their larvae
    Bodil Bluhm
    The significance for things that you might care more about?

    In a nutshell, the vast and complex food web that spans the Arctic; from the centre to the continental shores, the floating ice down to the vast seafloor canyons, the insignificant algae to the majestic top carnivores.

    Temperatures are rising faster in the Arctic than just about anywhere else on Earth. If you want to understand how that will affect life we can see, you have to know what it means for organisms like the polychaete larvae.

    Tiny creatures

    When I meet Bodil Bluhm and her husband and research partner Rolf Gradinger, the sun is hot over the University of Alaska campus in Fairbanks, and the harsh realities of Arctic ice seem a world away.

    The family team has recently been completed by young Tuuli, who objects loudly to my worst questions and babbles sweet nonsense the rest of the time. She already has an ice-borne species named after her, and you suspect her life will not lack for scientific stimulation or opportunities to travel.

    Field trip

    In the lab around the corner from Professor Bluhm's office where we chat are trays filled with larvae brought back from the ice offshore at Barrow on the northern Alaskan coast.

    "In the sea ice they are probably at the top of the food chain, these juveniles," says Professor Gradinger.

    "They are living on algae, and you find bigger algae in the ice channels, bigger by a factor of 10, than you will find in the water column.

    "So we keep them in the fridge and we give them different amounts of food to see how they will grow. We give them different fractions of algae of different sizes, to see what is the size range of algae they would go for. And we see how tolerant they are of salinity, because it is much saltier in the ice than in the water column."

    I peer down a microscope at a couple of samples of Scolelepis squamata. One juvenile, small and ill-fed, languishes lethargically in its dish; a second, bursting with algae-derived vigour, wriggles across its liquid home like a disfigured but enthusiastic sperm.

    It is clear which is having the better diet and the better time.

    Polar mismatch

    The rich supply of algae inside the Arctic ice probably allows animals like polychaetes to reproduce early in the year, when food is too scarce for larvae to grow in the water.

    Even the basic question of how much productivity occurs in the ice and how much in the water is not resolved
    Rolf Gradinger
    By going into the ice they secure a super-rich food source. Early reproduction means the adult worms can reach their homes on the seafloor before some competitors.

    If Arctic temperatures continue rising, if the ice melts earlier and freezes later each year, conditions will change for the polychaetes.

    "Eventually you would run into a mismatch, where the ice melts before they're ready to have their larvae," comments Professor Bluhm.

    Even the most cataclysmic forecasts of climate change do not envisage the Arctic becoming ice-free in the near future.

    Summers may be devoid of floating ice within half a century; but a pack will still form every autumn and last through to the following spring.

    Bodil Bluhm at the microscope. Image: Bluhm/Gradinger
    The worms wriggle for Bodil Bluhm under the microscope
    The polychaetes of the Barrow coast will probably find a way to survive. But a shorter ice season may bring serious impacts for other microscopic Arctic creatures and the food chains they support.

    In the central reaches of the Arctic, varieties of amphipods, tiny crustaceans, pick algae from the bottom of the ice. They are eaten in turn by Arctic cod, from whence the food chain leads to birds, seals, and polar bears.

    And the amphipods, Rolf Gradinger believes, may be more sensitive to ice-free summers than the offshore polychaetes, with potential implications for everything that lives on them.

    Model future

    In principle, the data that Professors Bluhm and Gradinger acquire could be combined with computer models of climate to paint future pictures of the Arctic ecosystem.

    You could map how the anticipated changes to ice formation and stability would alter light penetration, salinity, and conditions for polychaetes and other microscopic denizens. You could begin to predict a biological Arctic future as well as a climatological one.

    But much more data is needed before that idea can become meaningful reality; data on individual species and how they interact, data on those whose lives (like the polychaetes) span the ocean from top to bottom, data on how organisms and systems are varying over time.

    Ice coring. Image: Bluhm/Gradinger
    There is a need for core information from all over the Arctic
    That is why this Fairbanks team has been such a prominent force in the Census of Marine Life (CoML), a 10-year international project gathering badly-needed baseline data across the world's oceans.

    That is why they have taken leadership of the Arctic Ocean Diversity project under the aegis of International Polar Year (IPY), a project aiming to fill gaps in the existing knowledge of Arctic marine life, and to integrate what we do know.

    As Professor Gradinger says, some basic questions remain to be answered about how the different parts of this world fit together.

    "An amazing, fascinating part about the Arctic is this strong connectivity between different habitats - the ice, the water column and the sea floor," he says.

    "And even the basic question of how much productivity occurs in the ice and how much in the water is not resolved."

    Understand the web of life better, and a picture of how it may change in a warmer world should become clearer. For Rolf Gradinger and Bodil Bluhm, concerned parents as well as concerned scientists, it is a priority that makes perfect sense.

    Entertainment review of the year

    A look back at the most headline-grabbing entertainment stories of 2007.

    JANUARY

    The year kicked off with a storm of controversy which was played out on our television screens.

    Jade Goody
    Jade Goody denied racism and apologised for her actions

    Another season of Celebrity Big Brother came to a head with a heated dispute between ex-Big Brother hopeful Jade Goody and Bollywood star Shilpa Shetty.

    More than 3,500 complaints were made by viewers who felt Shetty - who went on to win the show - had been the target of racist abuse.

    Channel 4 was rapped by Ofcom and the 2008 series was shelved.

    FEBRUARY

    February heralded the traditional glamour of the Oscars, and Britain had cause to celebrate as Dame Helen Mirren won best actress for playing the Queen.

    Dame Helen Mirren
    Dame Helen went on to win several more awards for The Queen

    The statuette added to a haul the actress received throughout the film awards season for her acclaimed role.

    The news was less bright for singer Robbie Williams, who entered rehab in the US on his 33rd birthday to tackle an addiction to prescription drugs.

    Britney Spears also sought treatment after publicly shaving her head.

    MARCH-APRIL

    Blue Peter was forced to say sorry in March for faking the results of a competition, subsequently being fined £50,000 by media watchdog Ofcom.

    It was just one incident in a year of TV scandals including revelations that callers to some premium rate phone lines had no chance of winning.

    Scooch
    Scooch had a number of hits in the 90s and reformed for Eurovision

    The UK's Eurovision bid hit the headlines when host Sir Terry Wogan announced the wrong winner. True victors Scooch slumped to last but one place at the main event in May.

    One of the most offbeat stories of the year - suitably in April - came from Rolling Stones legend Keith Richards.

    He denied snorting the ashes of his late father Bert during a drugs binge, and later in the year asked Swedish papers to retract bad concert reviews.

    Actor Richard Gere found himself in the news after embracing Shilpa Shetty at a rally in the Indian capital New Delhi.

    Protests took place against both stars, as shows of public affection are still considered taboo in the country.

    MAY

    In May, socialite Paris Hilton was sentenced to 45 days in jail for violating her probation for a drink driving offence.

    Paris Hilton
    Hilton was first let out on medical grounds but was then sent back

    But The Simple Life star was in prison for just 24 days, which she called "a traumatic experience".

    The story led a US newscaster to burn her script on air in protest at the bulletin leading with Hilton.

    On the small screen, the BBC pulled out of a bidding war to retain the rights to Neighbours, which will move to Five.

    Months after Celebrity Big Brother hit the headlines, its regular counterpart created another storm of protest.

    Contestant Emily Parr was removed from the house after using a racially offensive term to a fellow housemate.

    The show kicked off with an all-female house and eventually crowned Essex 20-year-old Brian Belo the winner.

    JUNE-JULY

    The Spice Girls also announced plans for a reunion tour in June, with the return of Girl Power stretching to the end of the year and into 2008.

    JK Rowling
    JK Rowling later revealed the character of Dumbledore was gay

    July saw the BBC embroiled in a Royal scandal when it was wrongly implied that the Queen had walked out of a photo session in a TV documentary.

    The sequence of events had been switched, and the incident eventually led to the resignation of BBC One controller Peter Fincham.

    This month also saw JK Rowling's Harry Potter series draw to a close and once again fly off the bookshelves.

    The author said concluding the stories was a "devastating" experience.

    AUGUST

    The midst of the festival season in August marked the start of a troubled 2007 for singer Amy Winehouse.

    Amy Winehouse
    Amy Winehouse has rarely been out of the headlines in 2007

    She cancelled a series of gigs after going to hospital and shelved her entire US tour amid reports that she had been treated for drug abuse.

    When she later resumed touring in Birmingham, fans booed her off stage.

    But while the adverse headlines piled up, Winehouse had commercial and critical success with her album Back To Black and gained six Grammy nods.

    SEPTEMBER

    The world of opera bade farewell to its best-known son in September with the death of Pavarotti at the age of 71.

    Luciano Pavarotti
    Luciano Pavarotti's funeral was held in his hometown of Modena

    Thousands of fans paid tribute to the star in his home town of Modena in Italy where he was laid to rest.

    On the small screen, comic Jim Davidson was embroiled in a row which saw him make an early exit from the celebrity reality show Hell's Kitchen.

    He called gay former Big Brother winner Brian Dowling a "shirt lifter" - deemed unacceptable and offensive by ITV.

    OCTOBER

    Russell "The Voice" Watson faced drama in October when he underwent emergency surgery to remove a brain tumour.

    Russell Watson
    Russell Watson has to start a course of radiotherapy in January

    The popular singer was in the recording studio when he suddenly fell ill. But the star, who had brain surgery in 2006, made a good recovery.

    Despite the Harry Potter series coming to an end earlier in the year, the stories continued to make headlines.

    JK Rowling revealed in New York that Hogwarts School headmaster Albus Dumbledore was in fact gay.

    Sir Paul McCartney and Heather Mills' divorce battle made headlines all year, and Mills' outburst against the media on live TV reignited the furore.

    NOVEMBER

    Christopher Biggins
    Christopher Biggins beat Janice Dickinson to the jungle crown

    November saw panto star Christopher Biggins crowned king of the jungle, while Mel B was danced into second place in the US Strictly Come Dancing.

    But the Brits blizted the Emmys, with seven winners including Little Britain and Stephen Fry's bipolar documentary.

    And Morrissey sued NME over an article focusing on his immigration views.

    DECEMBER

    December saw the Spice Girls kick off their much-anticipated reunion tour in Vancouver.

    Led Zeppelin
    Led Zeppelin performed at a tribute concert for Ahmet Ertegun

    The fans went wild and the press seemed pretty impressed too, giving the girls largely positive reviews.

    However, the glory seemed short-lived when the girls' first UK gig at the O2 failed to impress most of the critics who went to see them.

    The O2 also saw another big reunion this month when rock legends Led Zeppelin performed together for the first time in 19 years in front of more than one million people.

    27.12.07

    December 27th

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1965: Sea Gem oil rig collapses
    Four men are dead and nine are still missing after Britain's first North Sea drilling rig capsizes.
    1985: Gunmen kill 16 at two European airports
    At least 16 people are killed and more than 100 injured during twin terrorist attacks in Rome and Vienna.
    1997: Loyalist leader murdered in prison
    A leading protestant paramilitary, Billy Wright, is shot dead at the maximum security Maze prison in Northern Ireland.

    Allergy to medicines 'is killing thousands'

    Tablets and capsules

    Nearly 3,000 patients have died in the past three years as a result of taking medicines intended to help them, official figures show.

    Thousands more have been hospitalised after suffering harmful side-effects or serious allergic reactions to prescription drugs and other medications.

    Almost half of the deaths occurred last year, while the number of reported adverse drug reactions has increased by 45 per cent over a decade. Growing numbers of patients taking aspirin and other medications for chronic illness such as heart disease could be fuelling the trend, experts suggest.

    A total of 964 UK patients died because of suspected drug reactions in 2006, more than 200 after lengthy stays in hospital. A further 4,432 patients were also hospitalised but survived, figures obtained by the Liberal Democrats show.

    Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) describe the unwanted, negative consequences associated with the use of any medications, as a result of medical error or otherwise. They represent a considerable burden on the NHS, accounting for 1 in 16 hospital admissions, at a cost of up to £466 million a year.

    Patients admitted because of ADRs stay an average of eight days in hospital, research suggests, meaning that at any one time they take up the equivalent of up to seven 800-bed hospitals in England alone. Over the past three years, 2,846 patients died as a result of a suspected ADR, while 13,643 patients were hospitalised, the figures show.

    Drugs most commonly implicated in adverse reactions include low-dose aspirin, diuretics, the anticoagulant drug warfarin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

    The most common problem associated with these medications is gastrointestinal bleeding, which can be fatal. But many of the reactions were likely to be because of incorrect dosages or known interactions of the drugs and as such were avoidable, research suggests.

    The latest figures were revealed in answer to parliamentary questions by the Liberal Democrats. Norman Lamb, the party’s health spokesman, commented: “This is a dangerously escalating problem, which is putting lives at risk and placing a big cost burden on the NHS.” In addition, new “treatment targets” for specific long-term diseases, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, are likely to lead to more patients taking medicines with possible interactions and side-effects, he said.

    Approximately 20,000 reports of adverse drug reactions are made to the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency and Commission for Human Medicines every year through a spontaneous reporting system known as the “yellow card” scheme. But Dawn Primarolo, the Minister for Public Health, admitted that the yellow card scheme “is associated with an unknown level of underreporting”.

    “In addition, it is important to note that the submission of a suspected ADR report does not necessarily mean that it was caused by the drug,” she added.

    But the Government’s Chief Medical Officer said that the NHS could be better at learning from its prescribing mistakes. At a conference held by the National Patient Safety Agency last month, Sir Liam Donaldson said that drug allergies were a significant cause of avoidable harm in hospitals. He has also recommended that NHS organisations should be fined if patients are harmed while in their care.

    “When someone has a known allergy and we give them the drug in error or a lack of awareness as to what’s being prescribed, the results can be fatal,” he said. “Although these are not common events, some mistakes are capable of being repeated and we have to become better at learning from these mistakes.”

    Sir Liam recalled the case of Teresa Innes, 38, who lapsed into a coma in September 2001 after a surgeon at Bradford Royal Infirmary prescribed a drug containing penicillin as she was about to undergo a routine procedure to drain fluid from an abscess on her thigh. Despite wearing a red allergy band on her wrist and medical notes giving warning about her acute aversion to the antibiotic, Mrs Innes was given the drug Magnapen, which staff did not realise contained penicillin.

    The former care worker suffered an-aphylactic shock, which stopped her heart for 35 minutes, resulting in permanent brain damage. She was left in a persistent vegetative state from which she never recovered. She died two years later.

    Sir Liam added: “This is a tragic and avoidable case.”

    Egypt to copyright the pyramids and antiquities

    Egypt is planning to pass a law that would exact royalty payments from anyone found making copies of the country's ancient monuments or museum pieces, including the pyramids.

    Zahi Hawass, head of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, said his country wanted to own the copyright to its historic monuments and would use any money raised to pay for the upkeep of its most prestigious sites.

    Hawass, an outspoken figure in the usually cautious world of antiquities, said the law had been agreed by a ministerial committee and would go before parliament, where it was expected to be passed easily. It would then apply anywhere in the world, he said.

    Hawass gave no explanation as to how Cairo would begin the fraught task of tackling any copyright infringements.

    He said the law would apply to full-scale, precise copies of any museum objects or "commercial use" of ancient monuments, including the pyramids or the sphinx. "Even if it is for private use, they must have permission from the Egyptian government," he told the BBC.

    His comments came only a few days after an Egyptian opposition newspaper, Al-Wafd, published a report complaining that many more tourists each year travelled to the pyramid-shaped Luxor hotel in Las Vegas than to Luxor itself. The newspaper proposed that the US hotel should pay some of its profits to Luxor city.

    The Luxor hotel and casino boasts its own King Tut museum, which it says includes "authentic reproductions from what has been called the greatest archaeological find in the history of the world". Among the exhibits in the Las Vegas resort are reproductions of King Tutankhamun's sarcophagus as well as several statues, vases, beds, baskets and pieces of pottery from the tomb that was discovered in 1922.

    However, Hawass said he did not regard the Luxor hotel as a copy of an Egyptian pyramid - the hotel's interior bore little relation to the inside of a genuine Egyptian pyramid.

    He also said the law would not prevent artists from drawing images of the monuments or historic sites, as long as the images were not exact copies.

    Hawass is a high-profile, self-promoting and successful fundraising emissary of his country's vast ancient heritage. He won an Emmy for broadcasting on archaeology in the US and has his own website, which shows him standing before the pyramids sporting an Indiana Jones-style hat and includes details of his "official" fan club.

    In 2003 he demanded the permanent return of the Rosetta Stone from the British Museum. This year he said announced a tour of Tutankhamun artefacts, which have been to the US and Britain, would bring in $140m (£70.6m) for conservation work in Egypt.

    Background: Egypt, Vegas-style

    The success of the Egyptian-themed Luxor hotel and casino on the Las Vegas strip may be behind the new effort in Egypt to copyright the country's ancient archaeological wealth.

    The pyramid-shaped Luxor hotel stands 350 feet (107 metres) high with 4,400 rooms. As well as a casino, cinema, restaurants, shopping hall and shows, the hotel boasts its own King Tut Museum. However, the Egyptian lure seems to be fading even for Vegas - the Luxor announced in July that it was to get a new, non-Egyptian look. "The pyramid always created a sense of wow and wonder, but the inside never delivered on that promise," Luxor president Felix Rappaport said.

    Las Vegas receives about 35 million visitors a year, many times more than the Egyptian city of Luxor, scene of some of the country's key archaeological sites.

    Singer Joe Dolan dies in hospital

    Joe Dolan (picture courtesy of RTE)
    The well-known singer took ill on Christmas night
    The Irish singer and entertainer Joe Dolan has died at the Mater private hospital in Dublin.

    The 64-year-old took ill at his home in Foxrock on Christmas night and died just after 3pm on Boxing Day from a suspected brain haemorrhage.

    A former showband singer, Mr Dolan enjoyed musical success for over 40 years in Ireland and around the world.

    From Mullingar in Westmeath, he was best known for hits such as Good Looking Woman and Make Me an Island.

    26.12.07

    Did Coke really turn Santa red and white?

    Father Christmas
    The outfit is recognised globally
    It's often said that Santa's red and white robes were the creation of a Coca-Cola advertising campaign. Is that true?

    He's got his own style and he sticks to it. Father Christmas is the universally recognised symbol of the festive season in his traditional robes.

    But the red suit and hat with the white fur trim have given rise to the belief among some that Santa's togs were dreamed up by canny ad men who recast him in the soft drink maker's corporate colours.

    But while there's some truth in the suggestion - Coke ran a campaign for 30 years featuring a jolly fat Santa - his colour scheme owes more to ecclesiastical vestments than a brainstorm on Madison Avenue.

    The colours are widely thought to derive from the original Saint Nicholas, who was the Bishop of Myra in the 4th Century. Red and white were the hues of traditional bishop robes, although some historians argue that he originally dressed in different colours.

    THE ANSWER
    No. Santa's outfit is believed to have been inspired by the Bishop of Myra in the 4th Century... long before the soft drinks market realised its potential

    He was famous for his kindness to children and generosity to the poor. After he died the legend of Saint Nicholas grew and he is still remembered in some countries on 6 December.

    "To this very day St Nicholas arrives in Holland each November, dressed in a bishop's vestments," says a spokesman for the St Nicholas Society.

    "He rides through the streets to the enjoyment of thousands of onlookers, to begin his investigation into the behaviour of the children."

    In medieval England and for centuries afterwards, the figure of Father Christmas represented the spirit of benevolence and good cheer. In the 19th Century Dutch emigrants took their story of a legendary gift-bringer called Sinterklaas to America, where he eventually became known as Santa Claus.

    'Evolutionary creation'

    But while the names and legends may differ, there was little variation in the red and white outfits worn. However, over time the bishop cloak and mitre were replaced by the fur-trimmed suit.

    There are records of Santa wearing various coloured costumes, but red was by far the most popular and became known as the quintessential Father Christmas outfit.

    "Father Christmas is an evolutionary creation, influenced by folklore, legend and religion," says Tom Glamon, whose research into Santa will win him the envy of children the world over.

    WHO, WHAT, WHY?
    Graphic
    A regular part of the BBC News Magazine, Who, What, Why? aims to answer some of the questions behind the headlines

    "He didn't spring to life at a certain time, fully formed and wearing a red and white suit. It wasn't really until the late 19th Century that the image now recognised across the world became set."

    In recent history the red and white suit has been fixed and standardised by certain publishing events and advertising campaigns.

    Between 1863 and 1886, Harper's Weekly magazine ran a series of engravings by Thomas Nast. He developed an image of Santa very close to the modern-day one. From these engravings the concept of Santa's workshop and the idea of writing letters to him also developed.

    Coca-Cola's involvement kicks in in the early 1930s when Swedish artist Haddon Sundblom started drawing ads for Coke featuring a fat Santa in a red coat trimmed with fur and secured with a large belt.

    His drawings were used in the company's festive advertisements for the next 30 years, well and truly cementing the image.

    Of course, one sure fire way of putting the Coca-Cola story to rest would be to ask the man himself. Unfortunately, this time of year finds him so busy he has been unable to return our calls.

    Bye bye, brands

    HP Sauce

    By Finlo Rohrer
    BBC News Magazine

    The last year has seen some iconic British brands move abroad. But will people love them any less?

    So there you are cruising around a picturesque village in the Cotswolds in your Aston Martin Rapide, eating your bacon sandwich covered in lashings of HP sauce and ready to chase it down with a bag of Smarties.

    What could be more British than that? A Bond car, a sauce with the Houses of Parliament on the front and a sweet that has been a part of British childhood since 1937.

    But change is afoot. Aston Martin is considering building the Rapide abroad, Smarties has moved production from York to Hamburg in Germany and the last bottle of British HP plopped mournfully off the line in Aston in March, giving way to production in Elst, in the Netherlands.

    Smarties tube
    Smarties have the answer... move production to Germany
    In addition Cadbury is moving Curly Wurly and other chocolates to factories in Poland, and there has been a memorable but ultimately vain battle by the workers of Treorchy in the Rhondda Valley to stop Burberry taking production of its Polo shirts out of the country.

    Critics of the move acidly pointed out the company's boast of being "a luxury brand with a distinctive British sensibility". Never mind luxury, could a British sensibility be manufactured in China, they asked.

    When HP Sauce made its decision, retired police officer and John Bull impersonator Ray Egan went as far as occupying the roof of the factory in Aston. There were protesters with Union Jacks at Westminster and an MP brandished a bottle in the Commons.

    The protesters asked how a firm that had launched a campaign to "Save the Proper British Café" just weeks before the decision to move production was made, and which had produced special bottles designed by Paul Smith for a Truly British season at Harrods in 2005, could have the gall to move to the Netherlands.

    But none could stop the move and Heinz is unrepentant.

    "It is more popular now, sales have gone up, people buy the product, they love the product," a spokesman says. "We did evaluate all sorts of options but we couldn't close the considerable financial gap."

    Slave labour

    The company says it is still fully committed to British manufacturing, with 80% of all the food it sells in the UK made here.

    Smarties-owner Nestle is equally bullish about its move to Hamburg. "Smarties aren't going to taste any different," a spokesman says, adding that sales have not taken a hit.

    The company says other top brands such as Quality Street will not be moving to Germany. After all, Quality Strasse just doesn't sound right.

    Ray Egan dressed as John Bull
    What could be more British than HP Sauce?
    Manufacturing has been moving away from these shores for some decades, but if Heinz and Nestle are right, the British consumer does not care about even the most iconically British products shifting abroad. Is there no emotional attachment to British products that derives from where they are made?

    Rune Gustafson, chief executive of branding consultants Interbrand, thinks not.

    "People are actually aware of where products are made, provenance is important, but from a social aspect - people don't want to be supporting slave labour," he says.

    "Britain as a manufacturing nation has been declining for well over 50 years. Britishness in the past has meant made by British people in good conditions in good factories, maybe Britishness in future will refer much more to its design."

    It is a distinction that was starkly made when Dyson shifted production to Malaysia from Malmesbury in Wiltshire in 2002. Manufacturing jobs were lost, while research and design jobs remained. Perhaps a pattern had been set.

    Buy UK vs buy US

    To take the example of Paul Smith himself, despite being a quintessentially English designer much of his product range is made abroad. If you buy a shirt from his Paul Smith London range, it is as likely to be made in Italy as the UK. What that label with "London" says is "designed here, not made here".

    And there is a case to be made that while much noise might be made by politicians about the quality of British craftsmanship and manufacture and the need to support domestic industry, there are very few people trying to directly persuade the British customer to do that.

    The big problem for us has been getting people to buy into it and become members
    Anthony Gilsenan
    British Made For Quality
    Type "buy British" into Google and the first result you get is usually a site selling British food to expats in the US. It's not easy to find any kind of site advocating patriotic purchasing. Type "buy American" into the same search engine and you get a slew of entrepreneurs who are keen to tap into Americans' desire to support domestic manufacturing.

    British consumer trends research group Mintel says it has never done a survey into whether people prefer to support British manufacturing.

    One of the few groups that is attempting to support British manufacturing is British Made For Quality, founded by four British businessmen in 2002, which does its best to promote domestic industry. But it seems to be an uphill struggle.

    "When we launched we had phenomenal coverage, everything from Radio 4 through to the Financial Times," says director Anthony Gilsenan.

    "We had 40 potential members. That was some five years ago. The big problem for us has been getting people to buy into it and become members. It only costs £50 a year."

    Protesting HP Sauce workers
    HP Sauce workers lobbied hard but lost
    Of the few dozen firms that have joined up, Thomas Crapper traditional toilets and Haddonstone garden ornaments are among the biggest names. The superbrands, even those who do manufacture in Britain, rarely seem to feel that advertising the fact would boost their profits.

    The BMFQ requirements are that a product is at least 65% manufactured in the UK. Their efforts seem more aimed at guarding the dwindling manufacturing sector, than effecting any real sea change in the mind of the shopper.

    "If we can keep what manufacturing we have alive and kicking, if we can do our small bit. If you go to France, they all drive French cars. We are becoming a service nation," says Mr Gilsenan.

    Those brands that trumpet their Britishness are often luxury labels that are not in the business of massive sales. Knitwear firm John Smedley is one.

    "Economically it would make some sense to manufacture abroad but our particular brand has been established since 1784 on the same site in Derbyshire and employs 450 people," says brand manager Dawne Stubbs.

    Aston Martin Rapide
    Would Bond drive a foreign-built Aston Martin?
    "The same families have made the same product for generations and the skills base means it is best to stay put."

    But John Smedley produces only half a million garments a year and its main business is selling £100 jumpers in Selfridges and Harvey Nichols. It is never going to have the same effect on customers as that of a giant like Marks and Spencer, which long ago shifted most of its clothes production overseas.

    If the owners of iconic British brands can take production abroad and still maintain sales, then that tells us all we need to know about the diluted nature of our relationship with what we buy and where it is made.

    And this lukewarm attitude comes at a time when producers of food in the UK are preparing to benefit from the current obsession with food miles and the environment.

    But in the case of manufacturing the proof the pudding seems to be in the buying.

    December 26th

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    2004: Thousands die in Asian tsunami
    Sea surges triggered by an earthquake under the Indian Ocean kill over 10,000 people in southern Asia, with many more feared dead.
    1988: First clue to Lockerbie crash found
    Crash investigators uncover wreckage which may hold the key to the Lockerbie air disaster.
    1990: Iranian leader upholds Rushdie fatwa
    Iran's spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has said the death sentence on writer Salman Rushdie for alleged blasphemy will remain in force.

    Actress Pat Kirkwood dies at 86

    Pat Kirkwood in 1941
    Pat Kirkwood was very popular in the 1940s
    British actress Pat Kirkwood, a star of stage and screen, died at the age of 86 in a nursing home on Christmas Day, a close friend said.

    Her career spanned more than six decades and she played the lead roles in the West End shows of Noel Coward, Cole Porter and Leonard Bernstein.

    She was born in Manchester and made her professional debut aged 14.

    Married four times, she persistently denied rumours of an affair with the Duke of Edinburgh.

    Royal connection

    Kirkwood died at Kitwood House nursing home in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, her friend and royal biographer Michael Thornton said.

    She met Prince Philip in 1948 backstage at a show with her then boyfriend, with the three of them enjoying a dinner together.

    The prince, who was weeks away from becoming a father for the first time, and the actress were seen dancing later and they breakfasted together.

    But Kirkwood always denied an affair.

    "He was so full of life and energy. I suspect he felt trapped and rarely got a chance to be himself. I think I got off on the right foot because I made him laugh," she recalled years later.

    BBC debut

    Born in Pendleton, Manchester, in 1921, she was the daughter of a Scottish shipping clerk.

    After appearing in a talent contest on the Isle of Man she was invited to an audition with the BBC in Manchester.

    She made her professional debut, aged 14, as a singer on the BBC radio programme The Children's Hour.

    A year later, in April 1936, she made her first stage appearance at the Royal Hippodrome, Salford, billed as The Schoolgirl Songstress.

    The following year she starred in her debut film - Save a Little Sunshine.

    After the success of the revue Black Velvet at the London Hippodrome in 1939 she was hailed as "Britain's first wartime star".

    Hollywood flop

    By 1945 she had been signed to Hollywood studio MGM, but the flop of her first film there led to a nervous breakdown and attempted suicide.

    But she recovered, with a triumphant return to Britain in 1947 with Starlight Roof at the London Hippodrome.

    Noel Coward wrote the West End musical Ace Of Clubs especially for her in 1950.

    In 1954 she became the first female star to have her own one-hour series on British TV, The Pat Kirkwood Show, and the same year also broke box office records with a sell-out three-month cabaret season at the Desert Inn in Las Vegas.

    Kirkwood married four times - to showbusiness executive Jack Lister; Greek shipowner Spiro de Spero Gabriele; actor, playwright and composer Hubert Gregg; and retired lawyer Peter Knight.

    December 25th

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1989: Romania's 'first couple' executed
    Deposed Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena are shot after being found guilty of crimes against the state.
    1974: Cyclone Tracy leaves Darwin devastated
    The Australian city of Darwin is wrecked by a powerful cyclone that leaves thousands of people homeless.
    1991: Gorbachev resigns as Soviet Union breaks up
    Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union for almost seven years, steps down from office.

    24.12.07

    Hirsute marines compete for glory

    A Royal Marine with competition facial hair
    One marine sports the Sherlock Holmes look (Pic: MoD)

    The Royal Marines have found a novel way to keep a stiff upper lip while fighting the Taleban in Helmand Province this Christmas - by holding a "moustache contest".

    The marines of 40 Commando are vying to see who can grow the most outrageous piece of face furniture in a competition that will be judged by a panel of their peers on Boxing Day.

    The conditions the men are living in may be basic in the extreme, and the fierce battles they find themselves in often hair-raising, but judging by some of the photos sent in by Royal Marine competitors, the men themselves are hairier.

    The moustache competition is really just a bit of fun and light relief in an environment that is otherwise deadly serious
    Major Alex Murray

    What the Duke of Wellington once said of his own troops is clearly still true today: "I don't know what they do to the enemy, but by God, they frighten me."

    Second in Command of 40 Commando, Major Alex Murray, terms the competition a "morale-boosting bit of fun".

    "Generations of our forefathers have been marching around these hills with the most splendid array of facial hair," he says. "We found throughout history, the upper lip has been stiffened with a good moustache.

    "Some aspects of warfare are timeless, and in this case the requirement for impressive facial hair is as important today as it was for our forefathers working on the North West Frontier.

    A Royal Marine with competition facial hair
    Another opts for a more Central American feel (Pic: MoD)

    "Generations of British marines have operated in places like Afghanistan over the last two centuries. Often working in austere conditions, a good tash has proved essential in maintaining the stiff upper lip, and north Helmand in the current clime is no exception."

    Clearly, when the terrain is harsh, and the conditions the men live and fight in are - at best - austere, there is a need for a little light Christmas distraction.

    Major Murray says: "The moustache competition is really just a bit of fun and light relief in an environment that is otherwise deadly serious.

    "Daily the marines and soldiers of 40 Commando are doing amazingly brave acts alongside our comrades from the Afghan National Army and police, and life can be pretty intense.

    A Royal Marine failing to achieve competition facial hair
    But one younger competitor cannot produce much at all (Pic: MoD)

    "Morale-boosting bits of fun like this go a long way to defusing the tension and keep everyone cheerful.

    "Morale in the unit is especially high at the moment, especially with the added support of family and friends and the wider public over the Christmas period. They are constantly in our thoughts and we look forward to our return in a few months time."

    The marines are not the only ones working over Christmas; most of the 7,800 men and women serving in Afghanistan will be on duty on Christmas Day, working as normal, whether on the front lines or as support and logistics staff back at the main British bases.

    However, few will be sporting quite the tash-tastic facial hair of 40 Commando the Royal Marines.

    Railways condemned for leaving Britain stranded on Boxing Day

    Canary Wharf appears through the thick fog which covered London today

    Rail companies will be closing their networks until Thursday morning from about 8pm tonight after rejecting demands for at least a basic service on Boxing Day.

    Britain is the only major European country that will be without a rail service on Christmas Day or Boxing Day, despite huge growth in demand. The quarter of British households without access to a car will struggle to get to Boxing Day sports fixtures. The sales will be under way – but only those with cars are likely to benefit: trains do not resume until after 6am on the 27th.

    A cross-party group of 28 MPs has signed an early day motion condemning the Department for Transport and rail companies for leaving people stranded. The motion, tabled by John Grogan, the Labour MP for Selby, “ex-presses deep disappointment that once again during this festive season the UK’s railways will undergo a 58-hour shutdown with no services being provided on the overwhelming majority of lines and that in most areas there will be no buses running,” noting, “this is in stark contrast to the rest of Europe”.

    It calls on the department and train companies “to ensure that from 2008 an adequate rail and bus service is provided on Boxing Day at least”.

    A year ago the Association of Train Operating Companies acknowledged the rise in demand for Christmas travel and promised to consider providing services on Boxing Day. George Muir, the director-general, said: “We will have to look at this again because people are now more mobile on Boxing Day.”

    Yesterday the association dismissed the idea, saying that its members would run services only if they received extra subsidy. A spokesman said: “Train companies are not in the business of running services they know will lose money. Undoubtedly there would be some demand, but not enough to justify a commercial service.”

    Asked what message the association had for those dependent on trains, he said: “I suppose we would say, ‘Sorry’.”

    Mr Grogan said: “It’s completely inconsistent for the Department for Transport to say you should use public transport and then shut down the system for 58 hours. Companies should be obliged, in their franchise agreements, to run services over Christmas.

    “If you want to see your relatives and you don’t have a car, you are forced to spend three nights with them. For many people, 24 hours is quite enough.”

    In London, a limited Underground and bus service will operate on Boxing Day. Most other cities have only a few services.

    On Christmas Eve – the big day for much of the Continent – France, Germany and the Netherlands will run normal services, although these will end early. On Christmas Day most European countries have a Sunday service; there will be three trains an hour between Berlin and Frankfurt.

    Until the early 1960s British Rail operated services on Christmas Day from many stations.

    Having grown by 42 per cent in the past decade, rail passenger numbers are higher than at any time since 1946, when the network was twice as large.

    The train drivers’ union Aslef would be willing to discuss Christmas working, but would want twice the normal rate of pay plus an extra day off.

    Network Rail has claimed that it would be difficult to run trains on Christmas Day and Boxing Day because it does so much engineering work on those days. Yet the company is reducing the time it needs for this.

    A Network Rail spokesman said that it would be relatively simple to accommodate passenger trains on Christmas Day and Boxing Day because most signal boxes would be manned to serve engineering trains.

    A senior rail industry source said: “We will run trains if the Government funds them. They already subsidise the railway for 363 days a year so why not the remaining two?”

    The Department for Transport to-day begins an “Act on CO2 ” campaign encouraging motorists to reduce vehicle emissions over Christmas. It does not suggest catching the train instead.

    Festive double for X Factor stars

    Leon Jackson and Leona Lewis
    It is the third Christmas number one in a row for an X Factor star

    X Factor champion Leon Jackson has the UK's Christmas number one single, while the TV show's 2006 winner, Leona Lewis, has topped the festive album chart.

    Jackson's song When You Believe knocked What a Wonderful World by Eva Cassidy and Katie Melua into second place.

    Lewis also made number three in the singles chart with Bleeding Love.

    Fairytale of New York, by the Pogues and Kirsty MacColl, rose to four in a week when BBC Radio 1 briefly - but controversially - censored its lyrics.

    The station decided to backtrack after listeners, and MacColl's mother, criticised its decision to remove the words "slut" and "faggot" from the 1987 hit.

    UK TOP 10 SINGLES
    Take That
    1. Leon Jackson, When You Believe
    2. Eva Cassidy/Katie Melua, What a Wonderful World
    3. Leona Lewis, Bleeding Love
    4. Pogues/Kirsty MacColl, Fairytale of New York
    5. Soulja Boy, Crank That
    6. Mariah Carey, All I Want For Christmas is You
    7. Take That (pictured), Rule the World
    8. Mark Ronson/Amy Winehouse, Valerie
    9. Girls Aloud, Call the Shots
    10. Timbaland, Apologize
    Source: Official Charts Company

    Completing the top five on the singles chart was Soulja Boy, who fell two places to number five with Crank That.

    Jackson sold 276,000 copies of When You Believe, the highest weekly total for any track released in 2007 and five times as many as the duet by Melua and the late Cassidy.

    "It's been a great ending to a fantastic year and it's just the best Christmas present I could ever wish for," Jackson told BBC Radio 1's chart show.

    On the album chart, Lewis's Spirit was the top-seller for the sixth consecutive week.

    She held off Back Home by Westlife, which remained at number two, and Michael Buble's Call Me Irresponsible, a non-mover in third place.

    Vivere, the best of tenor Andrea Bocelli, climbed two places to fourth, while the Eagles stayed at five with Long Road Out of Eden.

    Amy Winehouse was at numbers nine and 10 with different versions of her release Back to Black, which is expected to be the UK's biggest-selling album of 2007.

    The original version of the album - in its 60th week on the list - fell one place to 10.

    And a newer "deluxe" edition, featuring a bonus disc with a further eight tracks, climbed 16 places to nine.

    UK TOP 10 ALBUMS
    1. Leona Lewis, Spirit
    2. Westlife, Back Home
    3. Michael Buble, Call Me Irresponsible
    4. Andrea Bocelli, Vivere
    5. Eagles, Long Road Out of Eden
    6. Led Zeppelin, Mothership
    7. Shayne Ward, Breathless
    8. Take That, Beautiful World
    9. Amy Winehouse, Back to Black (Deluxe)
    10. Amy Winehouse, Back to Black (Original)
    Source: Official Charts Company

    The top-selling compilation was the 68th volume of Now That's What I Call Music.

    The top 40 singles chart contained a total of nine "classic" Christmas hits, including Mariah Carey's All I Want For Christmas is You at number six.

    Festive favourites from Wham!, Wizzard, Slade and Andy Williams also featured, along with Shakin' Stevens, Band Aid and Chris Rea.

    However, a track which had been tipped as a possible Christmas number one, We're All Going to Die by "miserabilist" Scottish songwriter Malcolm Middleton, only managed 31st place in the countdown.

    Don't be lonely at Christmas time

    Social networking sites could eventually eliminate entirely the need for the offline socialising that has become the cornerstone of the festive season.

    Most people have heard of Facebook but there are plenty of rivals vying for its crown. The BBC News website dips into some of the more interesting alternatives in a bid to make sure that no-one need be lonely this Christmas.

    HABBO

    Habbo hotel
    Users create avatars and collect furniture

    A good one for the teenagers as this virtual environment was created specifically for that age group.

    The community was launched back in 2000 and combined the idea of a chatroom with an online game. It has recently had a makeover to improve access to personal pages, friends and groups and bring it more up to date for the generation most at home on social networking sites.

    It allows users to create their own personalised Habbo character and dress it with accessories, including hats, belts, jewellery and facial hair, as well as gas masks, paper bags and hairstyles.

    Users can also buy furniture to put in the various rooms it creates within the virtual hotel using credits bought with real-life currency

    Earlier this month it teamed up with Greenpeace to see what its members thought about global warming.

    Some 50,000 teenagers filled in the survey and 74% rated global warming as their biggest concern, ahead of drugs, war or violence.

    The site now has, of July this year, more than 82m registered characters. According to Nielsen/NetRatings Habbo attracted an audience of 292,000 from the UK during the month of October.

    PERFSPOT

    Screen grab of Perfspot
    Perfspot is aimed at university students and young professionals

    Perfspot is a social networking site geared toward university students and young professionals, and its ethos is based on the desire to obtain a "perf" life.

    It offers most of the usual features of social networking, including newsfeeds, customisable profile options and the option of linking photos to other users' profiles plus unlimited space to upload images and videos.

    It hit the headlines in the late summer, becoming the fastest growing social networking site. In the months April to August 2007 it grew a massive 756%, compared to Facebook's 541% growth.

    As the UK's fastest growing brand this year it is a good illustration of how social networks can come out of nowhere if they hit the right note with users.

    FREECYCLE

    Freecycle logo
    Freecycle aims to reduce rubbish in landfill

    If you have an interest in the environment and like the idea of reusing other people's junk, or have unwanted Christmas presents that you want to recycle then Freecycle could be for you.

    The non-profit network is based on the premise that "one man's trash is another man's treasure" and is about harnessing the power of the internet to connect communities and 'gift' each other everyday objects that they no longer want.

    It is a global network made up of over 4,000 groups. It now has in excess of four million members, and is adding 25,000 new members each week.

    Each group is moderated by a local volunteer and the main thrust of it is to "reuse and keep good stuff out of landfills".

    Each city has a unique e-mail group and anyone living in the area is welcome to post items to be given away or seek items that they want.

    WEBJAM

    Screen shot of Webjam site
    Webjam chief executive believes one-stop shops are way forward

    A UK site that allows users to aggregate the best of the web in one central location.

    A cross between a blog and a social networking site, Webjam allows novices to create webpages for a particular interest or hobby - say a bookclub.

    It also allows people to keep all their social media, from Flickr photos to newsfeeds, in one place. This blend of aggregating, blogging and social networking has led to it being described as "the Swiss Army knife of the internet user".

    It is particularly useful for those who want to create a webpage for a society, club or hobby but don't know how to do it as it allows you to 'copy' an existing group and personalise it.

    According to chief executive Yann Motte, one-stop shops like Webjam are the way forward.

    "Going forward it won't be possible for people to manage lots of different accounts," he said.

    CAPAZOO

    Screen shot of Capazoo site
    Will the idea of paying users catch on?

    This is a Canadian site which is interesting because of its business model.

    Like other social networking sites it includes a variety of functions, including blogging and photo and video uploads but it also offers something unique - it pays users for the time spent on the site and the activities they do.

    So for example members can get points for inviting friends and posting content.

    Users can offer the points - known as Zoops - as gifts to other members.

    The points accumulated by users can be redeemed for cash although to do this users must sign up to a membership program which costs either $24.95 or $34.95 per year.

    It is a service that more social networking sites are likely to experiment with although the jury remains out on whether it will be a selling point for customers.

    WAYN

    Screen shot of WAYN site
    WAYN is aimed at those interested in travel
    WAYN networking sites catering for a specialised audience - in this case travellers from around the world.

    It was the brainchild of three friends - Pete Ward, Jerome Touze and Mike Lines, who came up with the idea to connect people based on their location.

    Since its inception in 2002 it has grown and is now the UK's 10th most popular social network, growing from 45,000 users in March 2005 to over 10 million today.

    It has recently announced partnerships with Lastminute.com to integrate their hotel content and booking service and with Hostelworld.com to search for and book budget accommodation.

    WAYN was initially launched as a paid service but in April 2007, it became free, though some functions remain available only to those willing to pay - for example, turning off advertising.

    Like Capazoo it has begun offering users the chance to earn money. Members use a wizard to create wish lists of products they would like to own or recommend to others which are then displayed in their profile. When contacts or random browsers buy from their web shop the members receive commission from WAYN.

    Alex Burmaster, analyst at research firm Nielsen Online believes that sites catering to specialist interests could be the future of social networking as they seek to distinguish themselves from the competition.

    REALBUZZ

    Screen shot of Realbuzz site
    Realbuzz wants to have offline presence too

    Realbuzz is a social networking site aimed at those interested in sports and outdoor pursuits. It is keen not to operate entirely in the online world and encourages members to meet up offline at sporting events.

    "Realbuzz is not about people sitting behind their computers, it's all about them getting out into the physical world and experiencing something new," said a spokesman for the firm.

    It has around 100,000 active users in the UK and has strong links to the London Marathon.

    Chief executive Tim Rogers is himself a veteran of more than 60 marathons.

    December 24th

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1962: Bay of Pigs prisoners fly to freedom
    More than 1,000 men taken prisoner at the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba return to the United States in time for Christmas.
    1974: 'Drowned' Stonehouse found alive
    Former UK minister John Stonehouse has been found in Australia after apparently faking his own death.
    1968: First astronauts orbit Moon
    The Apollo 8 spacecraft and its crew of three astronauts become the first manned space mission to orbit the Moon.

    23.12.07

    Naming names for a royal baby

    Baby boy
    Six-weeks is the legal limit for registering a birth
    It took four days for the Countess of Wessex and Prince Edward to name their son before eventually settling on James Alexander Philip Theo. It might have felt like a long time, but there's a lot to consider when naming a royal baby.

    What's in a name?

    If you are a parent with a new baby - a great deal. And if you are a royal parent - all the more so. So a delay was always likely before we learned what Prince Edward and the Countess of Wessex were going to call their new baby boy.

    Earlier this week Edward told reporters outside the hospital where his wife Sophie gave birth: "You have to at least get to know the small person who's just come into the world before you actually try and pick a name."

    TOP 5 BOYS NAMES 2007
    Jack
    Thomas
    Oliver
    Joshua
    Harry

    Many parents feel the same way, say experts.

    Justine Roberts, co-founder of the internet forum Mumsnet, says while some parents already have both a boy's and girl's name lined up for the new arrival, many more wait to see what the new baby looks like.

    "Some people really do think there are names that fit a baby - it looks like a Peter or a Lucy. And that's what they call it. But only after they have had the baby for a while and tried the name out on him or her," she says.

    Another reason for delaying the naming could be simple indecisiveness - one mother posted her tentative choice of names on the Mumsnet forum - and waited for the votes to roll in. Eventually, her daughter ended up with the democratically approved moniker Eve Alice Rose.

    Four days might seem like a long wait for impatient friends and relatives, eager for every nugget of news. But it's well within the six-week limit imposed by the law for registering a child's birth (somewhat longer is granted to register the name).

    You have to be doubly sure that people won't be able to shorten the name to something rude.
    Jennie Bond, Royal commentator

    "One of our couples - both barristers - could not agree on what to call their new son," recalls Justine. "She wanted Raphael. He wanted plain Edward. They both couldn't stand each other's choices.

    "In the end they compromised on Gabriel. But like typical lawyers, they argued it to the bitter end, literally early into the morning of the day when the six week deadline was up."

    Taken to the cleaners

    There was serious money to be won - or lost - on betting on the Wessex's eventual choice of name. Bookmakers William Hill are still smarting from the money they lost over Prince Charles' firstborn in 1982.

    "We will be keeping a very close eye on this market," spokesman Rupert Adam said before Friday's announcement.

    But it looks like they again came up short. Rather than James, the shortest odds were on Archie (short for Archibald) - at 8:1.

    Prince Edward and daughter Louise
    It took 17 days for Edward and Sophie to name their daughter

    Charlie, William, George, Jack and Arthur, were 10:1, followed by Jake and Winston at 14:1. And as the odds got longer - so the names became more exotic. Oscar and Ben weighed in at 33:1. Mohammed was at 40:1. And one adventurous, though ultimately disappointed, punter had even wagered 50p on the name Lee at 100:1.

    Something rude

    Royal commentator Jennie Bond was close to the mark when she predicted Edward and Sophie would settle for something non-controversial.

    "Being a royal parent involves more responsibility," she says. "You have to accept that whatever you call your child will be seen as dignified. And you have to be doubly sure that people won't be able to shorten the name to something rude."

    Royal historian Hugo Vickers describes the inverse relationship between the outlandishness of the name, versus the likelihood the new baby will eventually become a prominent royal.

    Simply put, Zara Philips' more unorthodox name probably reflects the fact she is unlikely to ever become Queen (she is currently 11th in line). On the other hand, even if the new Viscount Severn (the Wessex baby's title) does not become king, it is likely that one day he will become the Duke of Edinburgh, says Mr Vickers.

    "When the current Duke dies, I believe it likely that Prince Edward will inherit the title. And Edward's firstborn son will inherit it again, when his father passes on," he says.

    Until then though the Queen's eighth grandchild will be best known simply as James.

    Fairytale of a fairytale

    Shane MacGowan

    SMASHED HITS
    Classic pop, reappraised by the Magazine

    Radio 1 execs have decided to stop censoring The Pogues' Fairytale of New York. But what is such unfestive language doing in a song often voted the nation's favourite Christmas tune?

    On the radio and in the shops, you can hear a junkie and a wino hurling abuse at each other: she's a slut, and he's a faggot. It must be Christmas again.

    FESTIVE NUMBER TWOS
    Fairytale was held off the Christmas #1 spot by the Pet Shop Boys' Always On My Mind. Other Yuletide #2s include:
    I Believe In Father Christmas - Greg Lake
    Caravan Of Love - The Housemartins
    Especially For You - Jason & Kylie
    Heal The World - Michael Jackson
    All I Want For Christmas Is You - Mariah Carey
    The Millennium Prayer - Cliff Richard
    Sacred Trust - One True Voice
    Christmas Time (Don't Let the Bells End) - The Darkness
    Father And Son - Ronan Keating & Yusuf Islam

    Except this year, on Radio 1, the terms of abuse became "sl--" and "fa----", with thousands of listeners complaining that they couldn't hear, respectively, Shane MacGowan and Kirsty MacColl.

    Looking over this week's comments from music fans and gay rights groups, the message seems to be: if you want to hear a song about a blazing row between an alcoholic and a heroin addict, you have to expect some salty language.

    And it's just such a blazing row that many people the world over do want to hear as Christmas looms.

    Back in the charts for the fifth time, Fairytale is easily The Pogues' biggest hit - and was always meant to be so. Tin whistler Spider Stacey told Radio 1 at the time: "It's a straightforward attempt to get a hit with this kind of lush ballad."

    Not Cliff Richard

    But this isn't one of those songs where a dark message is cleverly hidden inside a deceptively lovely arrangement.

    Indeed, the first verse - before the band and the strings kick in - has an alcoholic gambler spending Christmas Eve in a New York police cell trying to ignore another emigre as he foresees his death and sings a folk number about drinking poitín, an illegal and incredibly potent moonshine.

    In other words, the subject matter is clear from the outset, and for four minutes, we stick with emigration, death, regret and substance abuse.

    Shane MacGowan takes refreshment at a concert
    The song is about washed-up characters

    But if you're trying to "get a hit", why would you reach for the bleak? Well, because it works. Emigration, death, regret and substance abuse don't tend to show up in Cliff Richard's Yuletide chestnuts, but they're staples of traditional music - and the trick played by Fairytale is to convey these aspects of twentieth-century Irish experience in three snapshots.

    And how do we know that the dysfunction works? At Pogues gigs and Christmas parties, the loudest parts of the singalong are the contentious argument in the fifth verse and the killer exchange where MacGowan's "I could have been someone" is met with MacColl's "well, so could anyone".

    It's safe to say that the song would have been less popular if it had had a lyric about tobogganing.

    Groundless optimism

    What's in those three snapshots is a bit blurry, linked by a drunkard's logic. According to MacGowan, the wino is kicked out of the cells and joins his wife at her hospital bed - which is where the abuse starts.

    The good times were back when the American Dream seemed to be in the couple's reach, when the New York police - immigrants also - were singing about going across the sea to Ireland rather than locking up our hero.

    OTHER VERSIONS
    This is not the first time that Fairytale has been censored:
    On TOTP in 1987, Kirsty MacColl was asked to sing "ass" instead of "arse"
    In the version by Ronan Keating & Máire Brennan "you cheap lousy faggot" becomes "you're mean and you're haggard"

    Reminiscing works at first, they can both recall a time when they were attractive. But back then, he was promising the moon on a stick and she was more sceptical: New York is "no place for the old". And while it's her that's been proved right, it's hard at Christmas not to fall for his sentimental and boundless - possibly groundless - optimism.

    The question of whether the "slut" and "faggot" lines make the song sexist and homophobic is getting good mileage elsewhere. Here, it's worth mentioning MacGowan's comment to the Melody Maker in 1987: "I haven't got anything in common with the actual part that I'm singing - Yul Brynner isn't really the King Of Siam - except in the sense that I've had arguments with women and it's usually ended up with some kind of reconciliation."

    MacColl influence

    But if Shane MacGowan isn't the old soak (in this particular song), still less is Kirsty MacColl a bag lady wishing for death - and after her untimely death in 2000, the song has an unexpected extra sadness.

    It's MacColl's vocal that makes Fairytale more commercial than Pogues singles like, say, Boys From The County Hell. MacGowan's plans for a "gay duet" version with Bryn Terfel have not yet come to pass, and the Kirsty role has passed on to singers including Cerys Matthews and Katie Melua.

    They may have come close, but the song remains MacColl's - which is what makes it surprising to learn that she was such a late addition to the mix.

    Kirsty MacColl
    Kirsty MacColl's death has added new poignancy

    Fairytale started as a song by the Pogues' banjo player Jem Finer about a sailor missing his wife. Finer's own wife found it "naff" and suggested a couple trying to crank up the Christmas spirit, but ending up fighting.

    Finer said: "She warned that the song shouldn't end on a bleak note and there should be some kind of redemption. It should end in a weird romantic truce that just couldn't be helped, a little glimmer of uncanny hope amidst the torture of packaged party time."

    That may sound like Fairytale, but they're not the same. MacGowan took the melody from the first song and the storyline from the second, moved the row to New York and wrote the familiar words.

    The female vocal would have been performed by the Pogue bassist Cait O'Riordan, but after she left the band and married their former producer Elvis Costello, the band's new producer, Steve Lillywhite, suggested his own wife: one Kirsty MacColl.

    Referring to her folkie father Ewan, MacColl recalled: "I was a bit dubious, as I had a fear of folk music that only someone with a folk-singing parent could have. But I said I'd give it a go, and if they didn't like it, they could get someone else. They liked it."

    Incorrigible rakes

    "It took two years to get that song right," MacGowan said recently. "It went through a hundred variations."

    Was it worth it? Twenty years on, there's little that anyone but a churl would change about Fairytale.

    In his sort-of autobiography, MacGowan sums it up as "an Irish-based romantic ballad with an orchestra [that] didn't sell out". Drummer Andrew "Clobberer" Ranken is more direct still: "If I ever hear it now, I think: Well, that's another couple of bob."

    And it might be doing the rest of us some good, too. There's a legacy in Irish literature and song of celebrating the riotous brawl - the donnybrook - during hard times.

    The songs of the Pogues are populated by incorrigible rakes and ne'er-do-wells with bad language and worse behaviour who are more celebrated than condemned. In a smaller way, when Christmas gets a little intense, there may be a comfort in hearing Fairytale Of New York and thinking: at least everyone else is rowing as well.

    If this is you, just try and keep the language clean.

    Smashed Hits is compiled by Alan Connor.

    10 things we didn't know last week

    gulls_roof203.jpg

    Snippets from the week's news, sliced, diced and processed for your convenience.

    1. Humour comes from testosterone.
    More details

    2. Wii players use only 2% more energy than players of regular computer games.
    More details

    3. There were 1,580 cosmetic treatments in the UK on average last year.
    More details

    4. Blood alcohol concentration does not decrease when you eat as well as drink.
    More details

    5. Reading in dim light does not harm your eyesight.
    More details

    6. Only 10% of a horse's lifetime winnings can be attributed to its bloodline.
    More details

    7. There are 17 surviving versions of the Magna Carta - or 17 Magnae Cartae.
    More details

    8. The whale is descended from a raccoon-sized land-based mammal called the Indonyus.
    More details

    9. Only one in a hundred tourists visiting the UK stay for longer than three months.
    More details

    10. Nick Clegg, the Lib Dems' new leader, once took a road trip across the US with his friend Louis Theroux.
    More details

    Dixon wins Strictly Come Dancing

    Dixon finding out she has won
    Dixon was paired with professional Matthew Cutler

    Singer Alesha Dixon has won BBC One's Strictly Come Dancing, beating actor Matt Di Angelo in a public vote.

    Both performed five dances with their professional partners but Dixon, 29, had been the bookies' favourite to triumph with partner Matthew Cutler.

    "It was worth all the bruises, all the lack of sleep, all the painful cuts and sore joints, all the tears and all the 380 hours of training," Dixon said.

    About 11.4 million viewers saw their victory, overnight estimates suggest.

    Cutler described their victory as "a dream come true".

    "You are a star in the making and you've worked so hard. Now you're just like a professional dancer," he told his partner.

    Judge Craig Revel Horwood hailed their waltz as "flawless" and said it had given him "goose-bumps".

    As the result was read out, Dixon - a former member of girl group Mis-teeq - looked overwhelmed and began crying and jumping up and down with Cutler.

    Flavia Cacace and Matt Di Angelo
    I have made a brilliant friend in Flavia and if I had to lose to anyone, it had to be Alesha
    Runner-up Matt Di Angelo

    As he handed her the winner's trophy, host Bruce Forsyth told her: "You could become the biggest female star in this country."

    During the show the couples performed five dances, including their favourite three ballroom and Latin dances from the competition.

    They then performed to T-Rex's We Love to Boogie, which was chosen by the judges.

    The climax of the programme was their show dances.

    Di Angelo, better known as Deano Wicks in EastEnders, and his partner, Flavia Cacace, performed their dance to Are You Gonna Go My Way? by Lenny Kravitz.

    HAVE YOUR SAY
    I am so pleased Alesha and Matthew won!
    Lisa Williams, Ellesmere

    Dixon and Cutler performed to Holding Out for a Hero by Bonnie Tyler.

    The competition was close and the judges were full of praise for Di Angelo's efforts.

    Following his salsa dance, judge Bruno Tonioli said: "That salsa shakes the winter blues away. You're flying high."

    Di Angelo told the BBC News website: "I feel great - it couldn't have gone better, the night went to plan.

    "I have made a brilliant friend in Flavia and if I had to lose to anyone, it had to be Alesha."

    FBI planned mass arrests in 1950

    Former FBI director J Edgar Hoover
    The FBI boss wanted suspects held in military and federal prisons
    Former FBI director J Edgar Hoover had a plan to arrest 12,000 Americans he deemed a possible threat to national security, declassified papers reveal.

    The FBI chief sent his proposal to US President Harry Truman just after the start of the Korean War in 1950, The New York Times newspaper reports.

    He asked the president to declare the mass arrest necessary to counter "treason, espionage and sabotage".

    There is no evidence any part of the plan was ever approved.

    Mr Hoover wanted the president to suspend the centuries-old legal right of habeas corpus, which protects individuals against unlawful arrest.

    The FBI director planned to detain the suspects - whose list of names he had been compiling for years - in US military and federal prisons.

    "The index now contains approximately 12,000 individuals, of which approximately 97% are citizens of the United States," wrote Mr Hoover, in the now declassified document.

    The New York Times gave no details about the identities of those targeted.

    The US Department of State declassified the plan, along with other Cold War-era documents from 1950-55 this week.


    Queen launches YouTube channel

    The Royal Channel on YouTube
    Old and new clips can be viewed on the site
    The Queen has launched her own channel on the video-sharing website YouTube.

    The Royal Channel will feature her Christmas Day message as well as recent and historical footage of the monarch and other members of the Royal Family.

    The launch marks the 50th anniversary of the Queen's first televised festive address in 1957.

    The palace said it hoped the site would make the 81-year-old monarch's annual speech "more accessible to younger people and those in other countries".

    Changing times

    The opening page of the channel, which went live just after midnight, bears the title "The Royal Channel - The Official Channel of the British Monarchy" and features a photograph of Buckingham Palace and the Queen's Guards.

    This year's festive address will appear on the site at about 1500 GMT on Christmas Day.

    She has always been aware of reaching more people and adapting the communication to suit
    Buckingham Palace spokeswoman

    Back in 1957, when the Queen delivered her first television message, she acknowledged the need to adapt to changing times.

    "I very much hope that this new medium will make my Christmas message more personal and direct," she said from her Sandringham estate in Norfolk.

    "That it is possible for some of you to see me today is just another example of the speed at which things are changing all around us."

    Clips from garden parties, state visits, prime ministers, investitures and a day in the life of the Prince of Wales will all be available to watch on the channel.

    Newsreel

    Among the older clips is footage from a film by Lord Wakehurst called Long to Reign Over Us, which has never been released to the public.

    The former Tory MP, who died in 1970, was a keen amateur film maker and charted many key royal events, including the death of King George VI, the Queen's accession and her coronation.

    The site also has footage of Queen Alexandra's West End tour among the rose-sellers in 1917 and silent newsreel of the 1923 wedding of the Duke of York and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon - the Queen's parents.

    Announcing the launch of the channel, a spokeswoman for Buckingham Palace said the Queen "always keeps abreast with new ways of communicating with people".

    "She has always been aware of reaching more people and adapting the communication to suit," she said.

    "This will make the Christmas message more accessible to younger people and those in other countries."

    The Royal Channel can be viewed at www.youtube.com/theroyalchannel and the Queen's Christmas message can also be downloaded as a podcast from www.royal.gov.uk.

    December 23rd

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1972: Earthquake wreaks devastation in Nicaragua
    Ten thousand people are feared dead after a two-hour earthquake rips through the Nicaraguan capital, Managua.
    1956: Jubilation as allied troops leave Suez
    The United Nations Emergency Force takes over in Egypt after British and French forces withdraw from Port Said and Port Fuad ending the Suez Crisis.
    1992: Queen's Christmas speech leaked
    The BBC investigates a leak which led to the Queen's Christmas speech being published in a national newspaper.

    22.12.07

    December 22nd

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1972: Survivors found 10 weeks after plane crash
    The Chilean Air Force finds 14 survivors two months after their plane crashed in the Andes.
    1989: Brandenburg Gate re-opens
    Berlin's most famous landmark, the Brandenburg Gate, opens for the first time in nearly 30 years.
    1974: Heath's home is bombed
    Terrorists bomb the home of the Conservative leader and former Prime Minister Edward Heath.

    21.12.07

    BBC Sports Quiz - Part 1

    Festive Forty
    Part one of our bumper Christmas sporting quiz

    Historic penguin sketches found

    The signed chalk drawings are to be cleaned and restored

    Penguin sketches made by Captain Scott and Ernest Shackleton have been found in a basement at Cambridge University.

    The legendary explorers drew the pictures on blackboards, probably for public lectures, in 1904 and 1909.

    Nobody knows how the fragile images, in need of cleaning and restoration, ended up at the University's Scott Polar Research Institute.

    Staff are appealing for donations to help preserve the signed chalk drawings and put them on public display.

    Chalk and charm

    "People often compare Scott and Shackleton in terms of their achievements as explorers and their leadership qualities," said Dr Huw Lewis-Jones, the historian and curator of art who found the images.

    "Now, albeit with a smile on our faces, we can judge their artistic abilities as well."

    Because they are so special we want to make sure that they are preserved for the future
    Heather Lane, librarian

    He said they were still trying to trace how the pictures arrived at the institute but he was sure they were authentic.

    "Some people may think they look a little crude but I think they are incredibly charming," he added.

    "They were drawn at public lectures in front of an enthusiastic audience, to laughter and to cheers, and then signed with a flourish.

    "It's like having the explorers' autographs, only more wonderful, because each has signed their name next to a hand-drawn penguin."

    Saved from obscurity

    Scott made his drawing in 1904, after returning from his voyage aboard the Discovery.

    Shackleton, who also took part in the Discovery expedition, made his sketch five years later, after coming within 150km (90 miles) of the South Pole - the furthest south any group had been at the time.

    "Because they are so special we want to make sure that they are preserved for the future," said Heather Lane, librarian and keeper at the Scott Polar Research Institute.

    "We've managed to save these penguins from obscurity in the basement. Now we want to get them cleaned and restored so that visitors can enjoy them."

    Fork handles script makes £48,500

    Fork Handles sketch - lithograph courtesy of Original Memorabilia Company
    The classic Fork Handles sketch was first broadcast in 1976
    The original script for the classic Two Ronnies Fork Handles sketch has been sold at auction for £48,500.

    The sketch, written by the late Ronnie Barker, sees the comedian trying to buy fork handles and being offered four candles by shopkeeper Ronnie Corbett.

    The handwritten script, which turned up in 2006 on BBC One's Antiques Roadshow, was purchased by a private buyer.

    Barker and Corbett teamed up for The Two Ronnies between 1971 and 1987, with peak audiences of more than 17 million.

    'Important piece'

    Chris Atkins, of auction organisers Original Memorabilia Company, said: "We had literally hundreds of telephone calls about the auction, but because of the price of the script, only a few of those were in a financial position to place bids.

    "We're delighted it has been such a success, but not surprised, as it was a fantastic chance to own arguably one of the most important pieces of television memorabilia there is."

    The sketch - first aired in 1976 - was written on four sides of A4 lined paper in red ink and features its original title, Annie Finkhouse.

    Fork Handles script
    The script was handwritten by Ronnie Barker in red ink

    The script went on to be voted the greatest Two Ronnies sketch in a TV special.

    As the sketch continues, Corbett's character becomes increasingly irritated with workman Barker's requests for items with double meanings.

    Barker and Corbett first worked together on The Frost Report and Frost on Sunday before making 12 series of The Two Ronnies.

    The duo reunited for The Two Ronnies Sketchbook shortly before Barker's death in 2005.

    Corbett confirmed the authenticity of the script on television earlier this year.

    "It was quite sweet for me to see his handwriting again," he said.

    December 21st

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1988: Jumbo jet crashes onto Lockerbie
    A Pan Am jumbo jet with 258 passengers on board crashes on to the town of Lockerbie in Scotland - hundreds are feared dead.
    1962: America to sell Polaris to Britain
    President Kennedy and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan agree the UK will buy nuclear missiles from the US to form a multilateral Nato nuclear force.
    2001: Terror alert as police seize cargo ship
    Police storm a cargo ship in the English Channel after an intelligence tip-off.

    20.12.07

    Whale 'missing link' discovered

    Indonyus. Artist's reconstruction by Carl Buell/Neoucum
    The animal was small, stocky and about the size of a raccoon
    The whale is descended from a deer-like animal that lived 48 million years ago, according to fossil evidence.

    Remains found in the Kashmir region of India suggest the fox-sized mammal is the long-sought land-based ancestor of whales, dolphins and porpoises.

    Research in Nature suggests the animal lived mainly on land but dived into water to escape predators.

    Whales are known to be descended from land-dwellers but the "missing link" has been a mystery until now.

    Although Indonyus, as it is known, looks nothing like the whales of today, it shares certain anatomical features.

    We've found the closest extinct relative to whales and it is closer than any living relative
    Professor Hans Thewissen

    The structures of its skull and ear are similar to those of early whales, and like other animals that spend a lot of time in water, it had thickened bones that provided ballast to keep its feet anchored in shallow water.

    "We've found the closest extinct relative to whales and it is closer than any living relative," said study leader Professor Hans Thewissen of the Department of Anatomy at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine in Ohio, US.

    Hippo link

    Indonyus belongs to an ancient order of mammals that had two or four toes on each foot. Modern day representatives of the group include camels, pigs, and hippopotamuses.

    Image: Neoucum
    Hans Thewissen holding skull of Indohyus

    DNA studies show that hippos are in fact closely related to modern whales. They do not appear in the fossil record, however, until about 15 million years ago, some 35 million years after the cetaceans originated in south Asia.

    This led Professor Thewissen and his team to search for an older land-based ancestor that would fill in some of the gaps in our knowledge of the whale's dramatic evolutionary journey from land to sea.

    After seeing loose teeth and fragments of jaw bones found by the late Indian geologist A Ranga Rao some 25 years ago, Professor Thewissen obtained rock samples from Rao's private collection. They harboured a treasure trove of complete Indohyus fossils, including skulls and leg bones.

    Dietary clues

    The stable-oxygen-isotope composition of its teeth suggest that the animal spent much of its time in water.

    Some have assumed that the ancestor of whales first took to the water to feed on fish but the latest evidence suggests otherwise.

    "The new model is that initially they were small deer-like animals that took to the water to avoid predators," Professor Thewissen told BBC News. ¿Then they started living in water, and then they switched their diet to become carnivores.¿

    Although the behaviour and habits of Indohyus appear somewhat strange, there is a modern day parallel in the African mousedeer (chevrotain).

    The mousedeer lives on land, but is known to leap into the water to avoid predators such as eagles.

    Leon set for Christmas number one

    Leon Jackson
    Leon beat Rhydian Roberts to become this year's X Factor winner
    X Factor winner Leon Jackson is on track to score this year's Christmas number one single.

    The 18-year-old Scot is currently number one in the mid-week chart with his debut track, When You Believe, according to industry paper Music Week.

    Katie Melua and the late Eva Cassidy are set to be number two spot with What A Wonderful World, while Leona Lewis's Bleeding Love is in third place.

    The Pogues' Fairytale Of New York has also seen a sales surge this week.

    HMV spokesman Gennaro Castaldo told the BBC that download sales for the 1987 track had increased following Radio 1's decision to censor its lyrics.

    'Momentum'

    "It's one of those songs where, as people realise it's available to buy, they'll pick up on it and start downloading which is why momentum is growing for it," he said.

    "It's not enough to beat the X Factor winner, but probably enough to propel it into the top three."

    Radio 1 initially bleeped out the word "faggot" from the duet between Pogues frontman Shane MacGowan and the late Kirsty MacColl in case it offended listeners but changed its mind after complaints.

    Castaldo added that it did not seem that Leon's song would sell as well as last year's Christmas number one by previous X Factor winner, Leona Lewis.

    "It won't be quite as phenomenal as Leona," he said. "She sold 500,000 copies in four days.

    "But he's still selling three to four times the amount of his closest rival."

    Daniel Himsworth, a spokesman for Woolworths, said that copies of Leon's single were selling at the rate of 40-per-minute at the chain.

    "There are definitely no challengers. If it continues this way he'll sell 350,000 in a week," he said.

    BitTorrent search site loses case

    Bulldozer destroying pirated DVDs and CDs, Reuters
    The film industry is aiming to stop movie piracy
    A website which facilitated the online exchange of films, music and TV programmes without permission has lost a US copyright case.

    TorrentSpy was taken to court by the Motion Picture Association of America.

    A judge made a default ruling in favour of the MPAA after she said the site's operators had tampered with evidence.

    The site had ignored an order to retain server logs and the unique online addresses of computers which traded files using the BitTorrent program.

    The ruling could have personal privacy implications because the information TorrentSpy had been told to retain was held in Random Access Memory of computers.

    Defendants Justin Bunnell, Forrest Parker, Wes Parker and Valence Media originally had argued that its servers were located in the Netherlands and so were protected by Dutch law from having to turn over server logs.

    'Obstreperous' conduct

    The judge then asked for information from the Ram in their computers but the defendants failed in their attempt to argue the data was temporary and therefore could not be retained.

    The defendants' conduct was "obstreperous," Judge Florence-Marie Cooper wrote in her decision.

    "They have engaged in widespread and systematic efforts to destroy evidence and have provided false testimony under oath in a effort to hide evidence of such destruction.

    "A substantial number of items of evidence have been destroyed," she wrote. "Defendants were on notice that this information would be of importance in this case."

    TorrentSpy's lawyer Ira Rothken said his clients had concerns about protecting users' privacy.

    TorrentSpy is expected to appeal Judge Cooper's decision.

    A ruling on damages will happen at a later date.

    The MPAA, which filed the case against TorrentSpy in February 2006, welcomed the ruling.

    "The court's decision... sends a potent message to future defendants that this egregious behaviour will not be tolerated by the judicial system," John Malcolm, the MPAA's executive vice president and director of worldwide anti-piracy operations, said in a statement.

    "The sole purpose of TorrentSpy and sites like it is to facilitate and promote the unlawful dissemination of copyrighted content. TorrentSpy is a one-stop shop for copyright infringement."

    December 20th

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1973: Spanish prime minister assassinated
    The Spanish Prime Minister, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, is killed in a car bomb attack in Madrid.
    1995: 'Divorce': Queen to Charles and Diana
    The Queen has urged the Prince and Princess of Wales to seek "an early divorce".
    1989: US forces oust General Noriega
    President George Bush orders the invasion of Panama but US troops fail to capture dictator Manuel Noriega.

    19.12.07

    Tennant laughs off Dr Who rumours

    David Tennant
    Staying in the Tardis: David Tennant plays the 10th Doctor

    Doctor Who star David Tennant has laughed off speculation that he is planning to quit the show at the end of the next series in 2008.

    Comic actress Catherine Tate sparked rumours at the weekend when she said in a radio interview that she thought the next series would be Tennant's last.

    Tate is due to join the Doctor in the Tardis as his new companion in 2008.

    Tennant, speaking at the launch of the Christmas episode, said: "Catherine Tate stitched me up good and proper."

    "I started getting all these phone calls on Saturday lunchtime saying apparently you're leaving Doctor Who," Tennant told the BBC. "Catherine Tate's just announced it on Radio 2 - thanks Catherine!"

    He added: "I said to her on Monday morning did you know you've caused a minor diplomatic incident? She was completely oblivious that the phone had been ringing off the hook."

    Tennant confirmed he was doing four Doctor Who specials in 2009, but there was no decision about the next series in 2010.

    "I'm doing four more specials and beyond that no one's asked me to make any decisions and I'm quite happy to be enigmatic for as long as possible," he said.

    Kissing Kylie

    Astrid (Kylie Minogue) and the Doctor (David Tennant)
    Voyage of the Damned is set on the Titanic - in space
    The Christmas Day episode, Voyage Of The Damned, features Kylie Minogue as Astrid Peth, a waitress on board the Titanic.

    Given the Doctor's form with his other companions it is no surprise that the two get to kiss during the adventure.

    The special, which was screened before a celebrity audience at London's Science Museum, also features a new version of the theme tune.

    The cast includes Geoffrey Palmer as the captain of the Titanic, and Bernard Cribbins - who featured in a big-screen Doctor Who adventure with Peter Cushing in 1966.

    'Awesome'

    The audience included Work and Pensions Secretary Peter Hain who told the BBC afterwards: "It was absolutely awesome. Millions are going to be glued to their TV sets."

    Doctor Who writer and executive producer Russell T Davies said: "I'm delighted with the next series, we're doing stuff we've never done before and it's bigger and better than before."

    He said Kylie Minogue was keen to do more acting again.

    "She did this because I think that's the way her thoughts are heading. She's missed it and fancied that discipline. I'd cast her again like that," he said.

    Asked by a child in the audience whether evil Dalek creator Davros would be resurrected for the new series, Davies said: "I don't know. I'm as in the dark as you are. Would you like us to?"

    Amid much laughter, he stroked his chin and added: "I'll see what I can do."

    Charting out the Magna Carta

    The 1297 engrossment of the Magna Carta

    Here's a question with pub quiz potential - which document did Abraham Lincoln refer to as "the Magna Carta of human liberty"?

    The answer is the Declaration of Independence, and the former American president's reference to the 13th Century English legal document speaks volumes about its continuing resonance through the ages.

    The latest chapter in the history of the Magna Carta is the sale of one example of it, sealed by King Edward I and dating from 1297, which has been sold at Sotheby's in New York for £10.6m ($21.3m).

    To clear up any confusion, bear in mind that the Magna Carta - meaning Great Charter - is not just one document. It is a number of them, from different dates, all referred to under the same collective name.

    It came into being as the result of a dispute between King John, English barons and the political community of the kingdom, and went some way towards limiting the authority of the king.

    The first was sealed in 1215, and not signed as is often thought, by King John at Runnymede. The final one was issued in 1300.

    This has led to 17 surviving versions from the 13th Century, including the one sold at Sotheby's.

    It's a document that has such political relevance and resonance for the political community of the shires
    Hugh Doherty

    Hugh Doherty is an expert in historical charters, who works as a researcher at the University of Oxford.

    He was asked to help research the Magna Carta and that painstaking work was then used by Professor Nicholas Vincent, of the University of East Anglia, who actually wrote most of the catalogue for Sotheby's auction.

    Despite all the centuries of scholarly research, however, it is still not clear who even drafted this charter in the first place.

    "Some scholars believe it was the Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton, but others think it was interplay between a group of northern barons, the Archbishop of Canterbury and southern landowners," said Hugh.

    "And of course there would have been those who had the King's interests at heart involved in the negotiation as well."

    Whatever its origins, the charter guaranteed basic freedoms and property rights to those considered "free men".

    This factor is one of its more remarkable elements, according to Hugh.

    A drawing of King John sealing the Magna Carta
    King John actually sealed the Magna Carta, rather than signing it

    "It is remarkably detailed about issues regarding laymen. It has minutia detail of immediate relevance to the great men of the realm, knights of the shire and free men.

    "That last term has been long debated as to its meaning, but broadly it's all those who hold their land freely."

    The Magna Carta has had a tempestuous and hotly-debated life, being re-negotiated on four occasions within the first decade of its existence, as both the King and England's earls, bishops and barons all attempted to re-define its terms.

    For example, in 1217 an important supplement to the Magna Carta was issued, called the Charter of the Forest, which limited the authority of the king to mulch - or financially squeeze - money out of people over lands designated as being part of the king's forest.

    This provided economic protection for the kingdom's poorer subjects, at a time when the forests were the most important potential source of fuel for cooking, heating and industry.

    Each time a Magna Carta was re-issued because of a change, an amendment or when a point was qualified, a number of authentic copies by the English Chancery were sent out to each county in the land.

    Enduring importance

    These copies, known as engrossments, could number around 40 or even more, and were sent to county courts among other destinations.

    "It's not as though there's just one engrossment in the King's archive. It's a document that has such political relevance and resonance for the political community of the shires," Hugh said.

    But in the 13th and 14th centuries, the Magna Carta lost its political importance, as it was overtaken by new documents of law that were drawn up.

    Then in the 17th Century the Magna Carta made a comeback, being used against the Stuart monarchy.

    "Regardless of its detail it becomes a key document in anti-Stuart rhetoric.

    "Charles I, for example, tries to renew the collection of fines for using the king's forest - abolished by the Charter of the Forest - much to Parliament's horror."

    Hugh describes the Magna Carta as having a "remarkable afterlife". An example of this is the current political argument taking place in Bolivia over a new suggested constitution for the government, called the Carta Magna.

    American admiration

    The original set of rulings still have some resonance in modern-day English law, as they contain the principle of Habeas Corpus, which protects people against unlawful imprisonment.

    Also, the right of trial by jury can be traced back to the Magna Carta.

    And it is a document that was much studied and revered in the United States several centuries ago, as that nation fought for its independence from Britain.

    "Thomas Jefferson looked to the Magna Carta for a variety of reasons, when he addressed the English governors and the government of George III," said Hugh.

    A version of the Magna Carta on display
    Four engrossments of the Magna Carta went on display in Oxford

    "Abraham Lincoln also used it in what is known as his 'great debates'. These were key arguments against that really captured the public's imagination in the 1850s."

    In early December there was a one-day, one-off display of the four engrossments of the Magna Carta held by the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford.

    Hugh Doherty explained how this event saw 700 people arrive for a viewing, with still more being turned away.

    There were, he said, two main questions that the public asked.

    "The most common query was whether this is the closest the nation has to a written constitution.

    "The answer is no, it's too specific. It's not like people today are still arguing over whether the king's officials can take horses, carts and manpower for his use."

    The second most common question was, apparently, why there are holes in the documents. Not political ones, but actual physical gaps.

    Hugh can answer that query in just one word.

    "Mice."

    Badger culls 'boost fox numbers'

    Badger. Image: RSPCA.
    Badgers are blamed for the spread of TB among cattle herds
    Culling badgers in order to control bovine tuberculosis (bTB) can cause a doubling in fox numbers, UK government scientists have found.

    This could impact on livestock farming and conservation, the authors write in Biology Letters journal.

    The researchers looked at effects on foxes during the badger culling trials in England between 1998 and 2006.

    Their figures show that intensive culling of badgers resulted in roughly one extra fox per square kilometre.

    Red foxes are of concern to farmers and conservationists alike because they prey on livestock, ground-nesting birds and brown hares. They are widely culled by farmers and gamekeepers.

    Many farmers blame badgers for a sharp increase of bTB in their herds. But culling the animals remains a controversial option.

    All these factors need to be taken into account when you're considering badger culls
    Iain Trewby, Central Science Laboratory
    The Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) was set up to investigate how bTB spread between cattle, badgers and other wildlife. It also enabled scientists to assess the effects of badger culls on other species sharing the same ecosystem.

    It was understood that red foxes might be affected because the foxes use badger setts as breeding dens and share a similar diet - suggesting the two species may compete for food.

    Significant factors

    The researchers from Defra's Central Science Laboratory in York and the University of Aberdeen established four separate study zones across five English counties.

    Red fox, BBC
    Culling badgers removes a competitor of the red fox
    Each of the four zones contained a "treatment" area (where badgers were culled) and a "control" area (where no culling took place). They then compared what happened in the treatment areas with the control areas.

    Lead author Iain Trewby said the experiment had been designed to control other factors which can affect fox densities, so the researchers could ensure any changes they saw were due to the culling of badgers.

    "What we saw was an increase of fox numbers in the culled areas," Mr Trewby, from the Central Science Laboratory, told BBC News.

    If we don't do this, we are actually leaving a disease to spread through the animals in the UK at increasing cost to the taxpayer
    Professor Sir David King
    He added: "Whether this increase that we've seen here is enough to impact on other species in the ecosystem, we can't say. But all these factors need to be taken into account when you're considering badger culls."

    'Necessary step'

    The National Farmers' Union (NFU) believes a cull is necessary to curb TB in cattle. About 2,500 cattle a year get bTB, and some 30,000 stock are killed every year because of the disease, according to the NFU.

    Mr Trewby said: "Obviously it is a contentious issue whether foxes have a significant impact on farming. They may have an impact, or there may be increased mortality, but that's something we can't comment on at the moment."

    Rosie Woodroffe, senior research fellow at the Zoological Society of London, commented: "I think it is another aspect of badger culling that needs to be taken into account in deciding on the modest benefits of culling badgers set against a number of costs."

    The RBCT produced mixed evidence on the likely impact of culls. The Independent Scientific Group (ISG) report on the trial found badgers were a continuing source of infection for cattle, but also said culling them would have to be so extensive and co-ordinated it would be uneconomical.

    Dr Woodroffe, who is a member of the ISG, said: "What we concluded was that the only way you could have even a modest benefit for control of cattle TB was by culling badgers on an extremely large geographic scale, over long periods of time in a highly co-ordinated way.

    Territorial breakdown

    She added: "If you don't do it in that way, you actually make it worse. Badgers are social and highly territorial. This limits the spread of disease because infected badgers are mainly going to interact with their own group.

    "When you cull the badgers, you break down that territoriality, so the badgers are ranging more widely and meeting more herds of cattle. But they are also more likely to be interacting with what used to be neighbouring social groups."

    Nonetheless, Professor Sir David King, then the government's chief scientist, advised ministers to push ahead with a cull.

    In November, Sir David told BBC News: "If we don't do this, we are actually leaving a disease to spread through the animals in the UK at increasing cost to the taxpayer and at a devastating cost to the farming community."

    Foxes are also of concern because they would be principal vectors in the event of a rabies outbreak and a source of the parasitic worm Trichenella.

    December 19th

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1984: Britain signs over Hong Kong to China
    The British colony of Hong Kong is to be returned to China in 1997 after an historic agreement is signed.
    2003: Libya gives up chemical weapons
    Libya makes a surprise announcement that it will destroy its arsenal of weapons of mass destruction.
    1972: Amin ultimatum to Uganda Britons
    Ugandan leader General Idi Amin gives British workers an ultimatum to accept reduced pay or be expelled.

    An A-Z of unusual ingredients

    Part two: J-Q

    Cacti
    Wild cactus plants: many cacti, including the prickly pear, are cultivated for food. Photograph: David Silverman/Reuters


    J is for jaggery

    A dark, unrefined sugar made from sugarcane or palm tree sap, with a sweet, wine-like smell and taste. It is widely used in India, and a similar product is used in Mexico and South America.
    Uses: In its soft form, it is used as a sweet spread for bread and pastries. In its solid form, it can be used to make sweets; crushed and sprinkled on cereal; or added to savoury dishes like curries for a sweet and sour flavour.
    Useful website: Food India
    Bloggers' recipe: Garlicky tomato curry
    Also known as: Gur, palm sugar, panela, piloncillo

    And also for jackfruit, the largest tree-borne fruit in the world, commonly used in Asian cuisines
    Jicama, a crunchy, nutty root vegetable often used in Mexican dishes
    John Dory, a strange-looking, spiny-headed fish with firm white flesh

    K is for kudzu

    A versatile legume, native to China and Japan, which is often used in powdered form.
    Uses: The leaves can be used in salads or cooked like other leafy vegetables; the flowers can be battered and fried or used to make jelly; and the roots can be cooked like any root vegetable. The roots are especially useful when dried and ground - the resultant powder can be added to soups and sauces as a thickening agent, or used to coat food before it is deep-fried.
    Useful website: Herbs are Special
    Bloggers' recipe: Stuffed kudzu leaves

    And also for kamut, a rare variety of high-protein wheat with a nutty flavour and large kernels
    Kinome, the young leaves of the prickly ash tree with a fresh, subtle mint flavour
    Kiwano, a exotic fruit shaped like an oval melon with stubby spikes, yellow-orange skin and green flesh, that tastes like bananas and cucumbers

    L is for loquat

    An oval or pear-shaped fruit, about the size and colour of an apricot, with a flavour reminiscent of cherries.
    Uses: Can be eaten fresh; used to make pies, tarts, jam, jelly or chutney; poached in syrup; added to chicken and duck dishes; and used as a flavouring for spirits
    Useful website: Royal Botanic Gardens
    Bloggers' recipe: Loquat crunch
    Also known as: May apple, Japanese medlar, Japanese plum, nispero, nespola

    And also for lamprey, an eel-shaped fish with delicately flavoured but fatty flesh
    Laver, a seaweed used to make a Welsh dish, laverbread, or dried and deep-fried or added to soups
    Longan, a small round fruit with a brown shell and white pulpy flesh, eaten raw or used in Asian soups, sweet-and-sour dishes and desserts

    M is for megrim

    A cheap, abundant flatfish from the turbot family. It is a sustainable option for ethically minded seafood fans, though its flavour and texture can be a bit disappointing.
    Uses: Can be cooked like sole or plaice, or used to make fishcakes or stock
    Useful website: Marine Conservation Society
    Recipe: Braised flatfish fillets with spinach and creamy sauce
    Also known as: Witch (actually a closely related species), Cornish sole

    And also for mangosteen, an Asian fruit with a leathery, purplish skin and white, segmented flesh
    Matcha, a bright green, high-quality powdered tea with a bitter taste
    Monk's beard, small green shoots grown in Tuscany, usually steamed or added to risotto

    N is for nopales

    The young leaves of the prickly pear, popular in Mexican cuisine. They have a delicate flavour similar to green beans.
    Uses: Can be used (fresh or tinned) in salads, scrambled eggs and tacos. They can also be candied to make acitrónes
    Useful website: Gourmet Sleuth
    Bloggers' recipe: Cactus soup
    Also known as: Nopalitos (actually the prepared vegetable), prickly pear pads

    And also for nashi, an Asian pear with an apple-like shape and texture
    Nigella seeds, tiny black peppery seeds used in Middle Eastern and Asian cooking
    Nori, sheets of dried seaweed often used to wrap sushi

    O is for okra

    A plant with long green pods full of edible seeds that exude a glutinous juice during cooking.
    Uses: The pods can braised, baked or fried; used in stews like gumbo for thickening and flavour; eaten raw in salads; or pickled. The leaves can be used like beetroot leaves, while the seeds can be roasted and ground to make a coffee substitute or pressed to make oil.
    Useful website: Vegetarians in Paradise
    Bloggers' recipe: Okra masala
    Also known as: Lady's fingers, bhindi, gumbo

    And also for orange roughy, a fish with firm, white, mild-flavoured flesh
    Olallie berry, a cross between a loganberry and a youngberry that resembles a large blackberry
    Opah, a large fish with pinkish flesh and a rich flavour

    P is for pink fir apple

    Not an apple at all, but a pink-skinned, yellow-fleshed, knobbly potato with long tubers. It was imported to Britain in 1850 and has been grown by enthusiasts ever since, thanks to its delicious, nutty flavour.
    Uses: Can be cooked in a variety of ways, like all potatoes, but its waxy flesh makes it particularly suitable for salads.
    Useful website: Pink Fir Apple
    Bloggers' recipe: Sea bass with fennel and pink fir apples

    And also for patty pan, a small, round summer squash, similar in taste and texture to a courgette
    Physalis, a small, round golden-coloured fruit with a papery husk and a bittersweet flavour, eaten raw or cooked in savoury dishes, pies and jams
    Puffball, a firm white mushroom that can grow to a huge size

    Q is for quinoa

    A tiny, round, ivory-coloured seed (often thought to be a grain) that is a source of complete protein - that is, it contains all eight essential amino acids.
    Uses: Can be boiled and used in place of rice or couscous; ground into flour and used to make pasta; puffed and used in breakfast cereal; or germinated and eaten raw
    Useful website: Quinoa Corporation
    Bloggers' recipe: Garlic, pepper and herb quinoa
    Also known as: The mother grain

    And also for quahog, a hard-shell clam native to North America
    Quetsch, a kind of plum often used to make an Alsatian eau de vie
    Quince, a yellow-skinned cross between an apple and pear, best cooked, particularly when made into membrillo, a paste eaten with manchego cheese

    An A-Z of unusual ingredients

    At a loss over agar-agar, befuddled by boletes and confused by your cardoon?
    Part one: A-I

    Durian fruit
    The durian: it smells disgusting but tastes pretty good. Photograph: Kevin Forest/PhotoDisc


    A is for agar-agar

    A tasteless vegetarian alternative to gelatine made from boiled and dried seaweed. It is a white, semi-translucent gelatinous substance.
    Uses: Can be used as a setting agent in jellies, desserts and custard. It is also useful as a thickener for soups and ice cream, as a clarifying agent in brewing, or even as a laxative.
    Useful website: The Vegetarian Society
    Bloggers' recipe: Agar-agar & cocoa pudding
    Also known as: Kanten, Japanese gelatine, agal-agal, China grass

    And also for acai, a berry from central and south America, used in juices and sorbets
    Acerola, a sweet, nutritious cherry-like fruit used in desserts and preserves - and Innocent smoothies
    Argan oil, a rare, healthy and expensive oil from the fruit of the argan tree, found in north Africa

    B is for boletes

    Various fungi belonging to the genus Boletus, including the delicious cep (aka porcini, penny bun), tête de nègre, cèpe des pins and the cèpe d'été. Some other boletes are poisonous; all are characterised by the sponge-like texture of the underside of the cap.
    Uses: Can be used in a variety of dishes including risottos, soups and pasta.
    Useful website: Roger's mushrooms
    Bloggers' recipe: Porcini parmesan

    And also for barberry, a tart, bright red berry that is candied, dried or pickled, or cooked in pies and preserves
    Blachan, a pungent, brown dried shrimp paste used in south-east Asian cuisine
    Bonito flakes, dried, fermented and smoked tuna, used in Japanese cooking to make dashi stock

    C is for cardoon

    A large, stalky edible thistle that "resembles a giant bunch of wide, flat celery", according to The Food Lover's Companion. It is related to the globe artichoke and tastes like a cross between artichoke, celery and salsify. It was popular in England in the 19th century, and is still common in southern France, Italy and Spain.
    Uses: Stems can be blanched and used in salads, soups and stews; boiled and served with cheese sauce; braised; baked; battered and fried; or eaten raw with bagna cauda. The flower buds can be eaten like the globe artichoke. The cardoon's oil may also be useful as a source of biofuel.
    Useful website: Royal Horticultural Society
    Bloggers' recipe: Cardoon gratin
    Also known as: Artichoke thistle, cardone, cardoni or cardi

    And also for carambola, another name for star fruit
    Carob, pods from a tropical tree used in baking and confectionery as a healthier alternative to chocolate
    Cobnuts, a type of hazelnut, native to Britain

    D is for daikon

    A large Asian radish with crunchy flesh and a mild peppery flavour. Most commonly shaped like a giant carrot with white skin and flesh, but shape and colour can vary: some have black skin, and one is large and round with white skin and bright pink flesh.
    Uses: Daikon is widely eaten in Japan, but is also popular in China, Korea, Vietnam and India. Raw daikon can be used in salads, as a garnish and in dipping sauces, or it can be pickled. Cooked daikon is used in soups, stews, stir-fries and curries. The leaves can be eaten as a leaf vegetable.
    Useful website: Eat Japan
    Bloggers' recipe: Braised daikon
    Also known as: Mooli, Japanese or Chinese radish

    And also for dragon fruit, similar to the kiwi with its small, crunchy black seeds
    Drupe fruit, any thin-skinned fruit with soft flesh and a hard stone, including cherries, apricots and plums
    Durian, an infamously smelly fruit with a surprisingly delicious flavour and a custardy texture

    E is for elvers

    Baby eels were popular as a cheap dish until the 1970s, especially around the river Severn. They are now in short supply, supposedly due to the position of the Gulf Stream, over-fishing, pollution, disease and barriers to migration. For this reason, and because of the price (£700 per kg!), they should be eaten very rarely, if at all.
    Uses: Traditionally fried in bacon fat with egg, cooked like whitebait or made into elver cakes, a sort of pie. In Spain, elvers are deep-fried to make angulas al pil-pil.
    Useful website: Fish Online
    Recipe: Gloucester elvers
    Also known as: Glass or baby eels

    And also for edamame, fresh young soybeans in the pod
    Endive, a leaf vegetable closely related to chicory
    Enoki, a mushroom with a crunchy texture and a mild taste

    F is for filé powder

    A seasoning made from dried and ground sassafras leaves.
    Uses: Used in Creole cooking to thicken and flavour gumbo and other dishes. It was originally used when okra was out of season.
    Useful website: Real Cajun Recipes
    Bloggers' recipe: Gumbo recipes
    Also known as: Gumbo filé

    And also for fatback, the layer of fat along the back of a pig used in southern US cooking
    Feijoa, an aromatic fruit closely related to the guava
    Fugu, a pufferfish eaten as a potentially deadly delicacy in Japan

    G is for gurnard

    A fantastically ugly, bony fish that crawls around the sea floor, grunting. Don't let that put you off: its flesh is white, firm and low in fat, and it's easy to fillet. Best of all, it's abundant, making it a cheap and sustainable option.
    Uses: Fry, bake or poach it, or try it at right-on restaurants like Wild Honey
    Useful website: Fish Online
    Bloggers' recipe: Gurnard, pea puree and bacon
    Also known as: Crooner, croonack, gowdie and sea robin

    And also for galangal, a slightly lemony member of the ginger family, used in Thai cooking
    Geoduck, a soft-shell clam similar to abalone and used in chowder
    Gram flour, made from ground chickpeas and a staple of Indian cuisine

    H is for hogget

    One-year-old lamb in its second spring or summer, which is considered to have a better flavour and texture than lamb, but isn't as gamey as mutton.
    Uses: Should have a good covering of fat and have been hung for 10-14 days, after which it can be cooked quickly and served pink. Can also be braised, roasted or used in stews and casseroles. Try it at Allium in Fairford.
    Useful website: Mutton Renaissance
    Matthew Fort's recipe: Slow-braised shoulder of hogget
    Also known as: Yearlings

    And also for hubbard squash, a large winter squash with a grainy texture
    Hunza apricot, a small, hard fruit that needs to be soaked and cooked before eating in tagines or sweet dishes
    Hyssop, an aromatic herb similar to rosemary or lavender, used to make chartreuse

    I is for ikan bilis

    Dried anchovy, useful as an ingredient in its own right, or as a flavouring.
    Uses: Used in south-east Asian cooking, particularly in Malaysian food. It can be fried and dusted with chilli powder as a snack, or cooked with chilli paste and served with coconut rice. It can also be used to make stock or ground and added to dishes for flavour.
    Useful website: Malaysian Food
    Bloggers' recipe: Sambal ikan bilis
    Also known as: Dried anchovies

    And also for Iberico ham, a Spanish jamon produced from black pigs that feed on acorns
    Idiazabal, a smoky-flavoured cheese from the Basque region of Spain
    Isinglass, obtained from the bladders of fish, especially sturgeon, and used in brewing

    18.12.07

    December 18th

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1974: Compensation for Bloody Sunday victims
    The Government says it will pay £42,000 compensation to relatives of the 13 men killed in the Bloody Sunday riots in Londonderry nearly three years ago.
    1997: Dawn of Scottish parliament
    Scottish Secretary Donald Dewer unveils a blueprint for Scotland's new parliament.
    1985: Drug traffickers' appeal rejected
    Two Australians are facing the death penalty after their appeal against a conviction for smuggling heroin was rejected by a Malaysian court.

    AntiFreeze 1.00

    AntiFreeze 1.00

    Quit unresponsive tasks before you reset your system

    Platform Windows XP, Windows Vista
    Type
    freeware
    Manufacturer
    Resplendence Software Projects
    Size
    732.36KB
    Free download

    Everyone who uses a computer regularly has experienced it from time to time, You are running multiple tasks or running several programs simultaneously and suddenly, you find that your computer stops responding. For some reason the computer is so busy that it does not respond to your actions anymore. Your clicks and key presses are handled much later or not at all, giving you no chance to interact with the system.

    Sometimes it may help to give your system a couple of minutes, but if after several minutes you are still waiting, you are probably likely to press the key combination ALT+CTRL+DELETE which allows you to fire up the task manager to see which programs are taking up all the CPU time and system resources. At this point you may be able to recover the system and get it in a responsive state again by terminating the offending processes. If this works, then great but very often the system is so busy that even the task manager cannot really help. It just does not get enough processor attention to be able to handle your clicks or key presses. Then you are very likely to give up and press the reset button of your machine for a reboot.

    This is where AntiFreeze offers a solution. AntiFreeze is a utility with a very small footprint, sitting in your tray, waiting for you to press the hotkey combination (ALT+CTRL+WIN+HOME by default). You should use it only in emergency situations; consider it an alternative for the reset button.

    17.12.07

    Rare find highlights antiquities fears

    Roman coin
    The only lead curse on a Roman emperor ever found, with a Roman gold coin. The lead foil would be hung in a temple to enact the curse, which would be made with the impression of a coin. Photograph: Martin Godwin


    Some 1,650 years ago someone was so comprehensively fed up with the state of the Roman empire that they committed an act of treason, blasphemy and probably criminal defacing of the coinage. They cursed the emperor Valens by hammering a coin with his image into lead, then folding the lead over his face.

    The battered scraps of metal discovered by Tom Redmayne, an amateur metal detector, in a muddy field in Lincolnshire are a unique find.

    The mid-fourth century was a time of turmoil in Roman Britain. A Roman aristocrat, Valentinus, had been exiled to Britain where he was stirring up trouble.

    Thousands of Roman cursing charms survive, scrawled on pieces of lead with a hole punched to hang them up. Many were found thrown into the hot springs in Bath, demanding revenge on those guilty of petty theft.

    Nothing as audacious as cursing an emperor has ever been found before. However, Sam Moorhead, a coins expert at the British Museum and expert adviser to the Portable Antiquities Scheme, which encourages voluntary reporting of finds, is convinced it is the only explanation.

    Redmayne's find is unprecedented, but is just one of a torrent of 300,000 valuable, fascinating or downright weird object finds reported by amateurs in the 10 years since PAS was created.

    It is a time of turmoil for the scheme itself. Leading and amateur archaeologists are joining forces to lobby the government to ring-fence its funding. Lord Renfrew, retired professor of archaeology at Cambridge, calls on the culture department to transfer PAS and its funding to the British Museum, which is facing a budget cut of 25% in the wake of the recent government spending review.

    'Oldest human being' dies at 116

    Hryhoriy Nestor
    Hryhoriy put his long life down to the fact he never married

    Hryhoriy Nestor, a bachelor who was thought in his lifetime to be the oldest person in the world, has died at the age of 116 in Ukraine.

    Mr Nestor died in his sleep on Friday night in the village of Stary Yarychev, in the western region of Lviv, the Kiev newspaper Segodnya reports.

    He died before proof of his age was submitted to Guinness World Records.

    The world's recognised oldest living person is currently Edna Parker of the United States, who turned 114 in April.

    He didn't find himself a mate because he was a short man and never had money
    Oksana
    Relative of Hryhoriy Nestor

    Just a few close relatives and neighbours gathered for Mr Nestor's funeral, Segodnya writes.

    In accordance with his wish that there should be no crying, a hearty meal was served of his favourite dishes: warm potato and herring, and cabbage with home-made sausage.

    Active life

    Oksana, one of the relations with whom he lived, said he had led an active life to the last, helping around the house, whether it was making dumplings or tending the chickens.

    WHEN HRYHORIY NESTOR WAS BORN...
    Average life expectancy in Europe was less than 50
    Adolf Hitler was not even two years old
    Lviv was known as Lemberg and part of the Austrian Empire
    Sarah Bernhardt and Tchaikovksy were both preparing to tour the USA

    He was no different on Friday, though he doused his head with cold water that evening - something he had often done before, complaining of headaches.

    "His death came as a surprise to us, he just didn't wake up again," Oksana said.

    "After his master's death, his favourite cat Murchik didn't go into his corner like he usually did but lay down on his bed," she added.

    Born, according to family documents, on 15 March 1891, Mr Nestor, a former farm labourer, put his long life down to the fact that he never married.

    "He didn't find himself a mate because he was a short man and never had money," Oksana believes.

    He also led a healthy life, she says.

    He loved to get outside and would run barefoot through the grass. Vodka he drank in moderation, and his favourite food was simple country fare with his greatest luxury a slice of sausage in a bread roll.

    Economics of gift vouchers

    Gift voucher



    Gift vouchers might seem like the easiest and safest Christmas present if you're not sure of someone's tastes. But why are they often worth less than their face value?

    "It is more blessed to give than to receive," especially when you can exchange hours of pacing up and down the High Street with a quick bulk purchase of gift vouchers.

    It's estimated we spend about £3bn a year on gift cards and vouchers in the UK - that's about 1% of everything we spend in the shops.

    But the British Retail Consortium says it is thought about a quarter of these vouchers and cards never get redeemed. In terms of actual money spent, about eight per cent is wasted, according to the Vouchers Association.

    Tired shopper and children
    Unbelievably, some would forgo this experience for a quick and easy gift card
    That's a lot of spending power lying forgotten in the bottoms of kitchen drawers. And what's more, some are redeemed only after being sold on for less than their face value.

    "The existence of a secondary market," says US economist Jennifer Pate, "demonstrates a gap between the face value of the card and the value to the recipient."

    While studying the resale market of credit-card-style gift cards on an internet auction site, Ms Pate amassed a wealth of data. She collected information on about 2,000 completed sales from about 500 unique sellers, covering 31 US stores, between February and June 2004.

    "Sellers accept significantly less cash for their gift cards, at a loss of approximately 15% of the initial value on average." Dr Pate says that when selling fees are taken into consideration, that loss becomes 20%.

    This echoes another economist's theory about gift-giving, known as "the deadweight loss of Christmas".

    Does thought count?

    Coined by Professor Joel Waldfogel of the University of Pennsylvania, it states that a typical £100 gift will be valued at just £80 by its recipient. However, Mr Waldfogel purposefully left sentimental value out of his calculations.

    I remember getting a gift card for a store that was really for someone who was five years younger than me... there was nothing that I could spend this money on
    Jennifer Pate
    "The whole process of gift-giving is a way of destroying value," he says.

    Other economists disagree, arguing that people value presents significantly above their price tag because they appreciate the thought or they are pleased to receive a luxury they couldn't normally justify.

    But still, the number of unwanted presents up for sale on the internet shows how wide of the mark our gift selections can be. And we can get it just as wrong with gift vouchers and gift cards.

    Ms Pate says you still have to know something about a person's tastes. That is, it is no good buying a gift card for a shop they wouldn't be seen dead in. Her own experience has taught her that.

    $11k gift card

    "I remember getting a gift card for a store that was really for someone who was five years younger than me and walking in and just realising that there was nothing that I could spend this money on.

    Gift card hardware store
    DIY shops are among the best bets for those buying gift cards
    "I'm quite the shopper, so to walk into a store and think that there is nothing I can buy with this money - it's frustrating," she says.

    You might think you are really treating someone if you get them a gift voucher for a jewellers or a lingerie shop. But Dr Pate says gift cards from specialist shops do the worst in online auctions.

    The most expensive gift card she found on sale was for Tiffany & Co, the jewellers. It had $11,000 credit on it but it was sold for $8,800 - a 20% loss. At the other end of the spectrum was a Starbucks gift card for $3.30, that sold for $2.50.

    Gift cards for pet shops did badly too - again selling at about a 20% discount.

    Cards and vouchers for more general shops, like DIY stores, do better, she says, selling at around 10% discounts.

    "Givers who are less aware of the recipient's preferences should rely more on gift cards from general-purpose stores that offer greater product variety," says Ms Pate.

    $20 sweet spot

    According to the Vouchers Association, 98% of the credit on gift cards and vouchers for supermarkets gets used up, whereas just 85% of the money spent on vouchers for more specialist shops ends up being redeemed.

    Child bag
    'Awesome... a £20 voucher for Homebase"
    And Ms Pate says there is no point just throwing cash at the problem. Scrooges might, in fact, make the best givers.

    "I found there are very few gift cards in the range of $20 being resold on the internet because people are able to use them much more easily than one for $200 and up," says Dr Pate. Of course, it could be that people can't be bothered to sell on a card which has a low value.

    And there is no way of knowing what proportion of gift cards end up being sold on, so it's impossible to draw any firm conclusions from this research.

    The one thing economists know for sure is that the most reliably efficient present is that friendly £10 note slipped inside the Christmas card. But even they realise that can be a bit of a no-no.

    Which leads Ms Pate to a creative answer: "At the end of the day, a gift card is just a cash gift for a certain store so if that's what it takes to make a cash gift more special, than one could just give money and include a note that says 'I think you'd really like to spend it at this store', and then that adds the thought that counts."

    More or Less is on Radio 4 on Monday, 17 December at 16.30, after which it can be heard here on the Listen Again site.

    Melua duet ends Lewis's chart run

    Eva Cassidy and Katie Melua
    The original Louis Armstrong song was first released in 1967
    What A Wonderful World, Katie Melua's charity duet with the late Eva Cassidy, has displaced Leona Lewis at the top of the UK singles chart after seven weeks.

    The song sees Melua, 23, sing with her musical idol, who died of cancer in 1996. Profits from sales of the single go to the British Red Cross.

    "Thank you to everyone who has shown such festive goodwill," said Melua.

    In the album chart, Lewis held on to the number one spot for a fifth week with her debut release, Spirit.

    The singer's former number one single, Bleeding Love, dropped one place to number two.

    TOP FIVE SINGLES
    Mariah Carey
    1.Katie Melua and Eva Cassidy - What A Wonderful World
    2. Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love
    3. Soulja Boy Tell 'Em - Crank That (Soulja Boy)
    4. Mariah Carey - All I Want For Christmas Is You (pictured)
    5. Girls Aloud - Call The Shots
    Source: Official UK Charts company
    Next week sees the announcement of the much-treasured Christmas number one.

    X Factor winner Leon Jackson, whose debut single When You Believe is released on Monday, is the bookmakers' favourite - with Lewis in second place and Melua third.

    Christmas hits

    In this week's singles chart, dance phenomenon Soulja Boy Tell 'Em rose seven places to number three with Crank That (Soulja Boy).

    Mariah Carey's All I Want For Christmas Is You climbed into fourth place, while Girls Aloud's moody Call The Shots dropped two places to five.

    Canadian crooner Michael Buble scored the highest new entry, landing at number 19 with Lost. Cartoon character Shaun The Sheep was one place behind with the festive track Life's A Treat.

    Christmas records are continuing to sell well - and now account for 12 places in the top 40.

    TOP FIVE ALBUMS
    Michael Buble
    1. Leona Lewis - Spirit
    2. Westlife - Back Home
    3. Michael Buble - Call Me Irresponsible (pictured)
    4. Led Zeppelin - Mothership
    5. Eagles - Long Road Out Of Eden
    Source: Official UK Charts company
    John Lennon's Happy Christmas (War Is Over) and Chris Rea's Driving Home For Christmas are new entries alongside The Pogues, Slade, Wham!, Shakin' Stevens and Band Aid - who all saw their sales increase this week.

    Meanwhile, R&B star Rihanna has claimed three places in the chart.

    The singer, who is currently touring the UK, is at 24 with current hit Hate That I Love You, while former number one Umbrella and album track Please Don't Stop The Music have sneaked into the chart at 37 and 38 respectively.

    There was no such luck for the Spice Girls. The hype surrounding their first UK gig in nine years could not stop their Greatest Hits from slipping down the album chart from 13 to 22.

    Led Zeppelin, who also staged a live comeback this week, fared better - with best-of collection Mothership rising four places to number four.

    But there was no sign of the band's back catalogue in the top 40 despite a reported sales spike following their much-anticipated gig at the O2 arena last week.

    With no new entries, Michael Buble was the album chart's highest climber, rising 18 spots to number three with Call Me Irresponsible.

    December 17th

    ON THIS DAY NEWS FROM THE BBC ARCHIVES
    1944: Germany counter-attacks in Ardennes
    German tanks, aircraft and paratroops cross the Luxembourg and Belgian borders in massive counter-offensive.
    2003: Ian Huntley guilty of Soham murders
    Former school caretaker Ian Huntley is convicted of the murders of 10-year-olds Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman.
    1968: Mary Bell found guilty of double killing
    An 11-year-old girl is sentenced to life in detention at Newcastle Assizes for killing two small boys.

    16.12.07

    Leon Jackson takes X Factor crown

    Leon Jackson
    Leon duetted with Kylie Minogue during the final show
    Scottish crooner Leon Jackson has won the fourth series of ITV talent search the X Factor.

    "It's not real," said the stunned 18-year-old as he took the prize of a £1 million recording contract. "Thank you for everybody who voted."

    Second place went to Welsh tenor Rhydian Roberts, while sibling act Same Difference came third.

    More than 12 million people tuned in to see Leon take the reality show title, initial overnight figures suggest.

    My birthday's just after Christmas, and this is probably the best birthday and Christmas present I've had in my whole life
    Leon Jackson
    That beats the audience for last year's final - when 10.8 million watched Leona Lewis beat Ray Quinn.

    Leon's single - a rewritten version of Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston's When You Believe - is out on Monday.

    It is likely to take the coveted Christmas number one spot, following in the footsteps of the last two X Factor winners, Shayne Ward and Leona Lewis.

    Shock win

    Leon, from Whitburn, a small former mining town in West Lothian, was a 6/1 outsider going into the final, with Rhydian the 1/3 favourite.

    FINAL SHOW SONG CHOICES
    Rhydian
    RHYDIAN (pictured)
    Christmas song: O Holy Night
    Duet: You Raise Me Up (with Katherine Jenkins)
    Favourite song: Somewhere

    LEON

    Christmas song: White Christmas
    Duet: Better The Devil You Know (with Kylie)
    Favourite song: You Don't Know Me

    SAME DIFFERENCE

    Christmas song: All I Want For Christmas Is You
    Duet: Any Dream Will Do (with Jason Donovan)
    Favourite song: Breaking Free
    Scotland's First Minister Alex Salmond called the result a "fantastic victory for Leon and Scotland".

    Bookmaker's Ladbrokes said it was "the biggest shock in the history of reality TV betting."

    "He saved us from a bumper payout," said spokesman Nick Weinberg. "He'll definitely be top of our Christmas card list."

    After performing When You Believe at the end of the X Factor, Leon burst into tears.

    "I decided to pursue this because I loved singing," he told host Dermot O'Leary.

    "Then, as it went along, I knew I could potentially change my mum's life and I've just done it."

    The singer's mentor, Dannii Minogue, said she "cannot wait to see" what Leon will do with his recording career.

    Runner-up Rhydian took his loss on the chin, saying: "Some things are meant to be in life and I can't complain."

    But several disappointed Rhydian fans contacted the BBC to say they had been unable to cast their vote.

    "I tried to vote for over an hour and the lines were jammed," wrote Kally, from Pembrokeshire. "How is that fair?"

    An ITV spokeswoman said there had been "no problems" with the voting lines, but some callers may have faced difficulty getting through due to unusually high call volumes depending on their phone provider.

    Live final

    Same Difference
    Sean and Sarah Smith, aka Same Difference, hail from Portsmouth
    Saturday's live final was launched by Same Difference, who performed Mariah Carey's All I Want For Christmas Is You surrounded by dancers dressed as Santa's elves.

    The show also saw Jason Donovan, Kylie Minogue and opera star Katherine Jenkins duetting with the contestants.

    Leon cavorted with Minogue in front of a red grand piano as the pair performed a jazzed-up version of her 1990 single Better The Devil You Know.

    In addition to the duets, each contestant sang a Christmas song and their favourite number from the competition so far.

    A "supergroup" made up of failed auditionees from the show's early stages also performed a version of Whitney Houston's One Moment In Time.

    Same Difference, who had become popular with viewers thanks to their cheerful performances and cheesy costumes, took third place earlier in the evening.

    "They are genuinely nice people and I am really gutted for them," said their mentor, Simon Cowell, after the decision was revealed.

    Google debuts knowledge project

    Screengrab of Wikipedia homepage, Wiki Media Foundation
    The knol system is an attack on Wikipedia, say experts
    Google has kicked off a project to create an authoritative store of information about any and every topic.

    The search giant has already started inviting people to write about the subject on which they are known to be an expert.

    Google said it would not act as editor for the project but will provide the tools and infrastructure for the pages.

    Many experts see the initiative as an attack on the widely used Wikipedia communal encyclopaedia.

    'Knol'

    Writing about the project on the official Google blog, Udi Manber, one of the heads of engineering at the search firm, said it was all about sharing useful knowledge.

    By indexing the web, Google strives to make information more easily accessible. However, wrote Mr Manber, not all the information on the web was "well organised to make it easily discoverable".

    By getting respected authors to write about their specialism Google hopes to start putting some of that information in better order.

    The system will centre around authored articles created with a tool Google has dubbed "knol" - the word denotes a unit of knowledge - that will make webpages with